MTAP 1 Flashcards
(147 cards)
1
Q
What is protozoans?
A
- “kingdom of protista”
- Unicellular eukaryotic organisms
- No cell wall
- Possess locomotory organs
2
Q
what are the locomotory organs?
A
Cilia, Flagella, and pseudopodia
3
Q
Very distinctive characteristics is the sausage-shaped gametocyte
A
Plasmodium falciparum
4
Q
- Old man’s face with glasses
- Explosive watery diarrhea
A
Giardia intestinalis
5
Q
Specimen used for Giardia intestinalis
A
Stool
6
Q
Trophozoite having pseudopodia
A
Entamoeba histolytica
7
Q
Entamoeba found in mouth or oral cavity, All inhabit in large intestine, except?
A
Entamoeba gingivalis
8
Q
Entamoeba that has only trophozoite stage; no cyst stage
A
Entamoeba gingivalis
9
Q
Entamoeba mode of Reproduction
A
Asexual reproduction
10
Q
Entamoeba posses _____________ in its nucleus
A
Peripheral chromatin
11
Q
What is the infective stage of the amoebas
A
Cyst
12
Q
What is the infective stage of Entamoeba gingivalis
A
trophozoite stage
13
Q
non-pathogenic that they do not cause disease
A
Commensals
14
Q
Only one that would be the clinically significant pathogenic member of this group
A
Entamoeba histolytica
15
Q
Pathogenic member
A
E. histolytica
16
Q
Non-pathogenic
A
E. coli
17
Q
MOT of E. Histolytica and E. coli
A
Ingestion of Cyst
18
Q
Habitat of E. histolytica and E. coli
A
Large intestine
19
Q
Usual size of E. histolytica
A
15-20 um
20
Q
Usual size of E. coli
A
20-25 um
21
Q
MOVEMENT of E. histolytica
A
progressive (from point A to point B) unidirectional
22
Q
MOVEMENT of E. coli
A
Sluggish; Non- progressive (Physically moving but stays in one place)
23
Q
PSEUDOPODIA of E. histolytica
A
Fingerlike Hyaline (clear)
24
Q
PSEUDOPODIA of E. coli
A
Blunt Granular
25
NUCLEUS of E. histolytica and E. coli
1 (trophozoite stage)
26
Peripheral chromatin of E. histolytica
Fine, Smooth, Even
27
Peripheral chromatin of E. coli
Course, Rough, Uneven
28
KARYOSOME of E. histolytica
Centrally located small
29
KARYOSOME of E. coli
Eccentric Large
30
CYTOPLASM CYTOPLASMIC INCLUSIONS of H. histolytica
Clean looking
31
CYTOPLASM CYTOPLASMIC INCLUSIONS of E. coli
Dirty looking
32
REMEMBER : ingested Red blood cells
Entamoeba histolytica
33
REMEMBER: ingested bacteria, yeast and other debris
Entamoeba coli
34
E. hisolytica
Usual size : _______
No. of nuclei : _____
Karyosome : ________
Chromatoida I bar : ________
- 12-15 um
- Up to 4 (Quadrinucleated)
- Centrally located
- Sausage shaped or Cigar shaped
35
E. coli
Usual size : _______
No. of nuclei : _____
Karyosome : ________
Chromatoida I bar : ________
- 15-25 um
- Up to 8 - 10
- eccentric
- Splinter, witchbroom or broom stick in appearance
36
energy sources of cysts and made up of RNA
Chromatoidal Bar
37
Seen in both cysts
Glycogen vacuoles
38
Method of detecting parasites
Microscopy
39
also referred as Laredo Stain
E. moshkovskii
40
Disease manifestation of E. histolityca
Intestinal amebiasis and Extraintestinal amebiasis
41
Occurs mainly in the liver, Also affect the brain and lungs
Extraintestinal amebiasis
42
Virulence factors of E. histolityca
- Lectin (attachment)
- Amebapores (formation of holes/pores)
- Cysteine Proteinases(Spreads/ Tissue destruction)
43
treatment for E. histolytica
Metronidazole
Diloxanide furoate for asymptomatic cyst carrier
44
Recommended culture for E. histolytica
Robin Inoki Medium
45
Laboratory diagnosis for E. histolytica
- stool exam
- Formalin ether concentration Technique
- culture
- Serology
- Rectal biopsy
- Examination of liver aspirates
- Molecular techniques
46
A small race of Entamoeba histolytica
Entamoeba hartmanni
47
Amoeba of pigs and monkeys
Entamoeba polecki
48
"Basket of flowers" appearance of karyosome
Iodamoeba butschlii
49
Presence of 4 nuclei in the cyst. "cross-eyed cyst": Eccentrically located karyosome.
"Blot-liked karyosome"
Endolimax nana
50
No cyst stage, capable of ingesting WBCs, and has only 1 nucleus
SPECIMEN: MOUTH SCRAPINGS
Entamoeba gingivalis
51
Used to distinguish E. polecki and E. chattoni
Molecular methods
52
Habitat for free living amoeba
lakes, pool, tap water, air conditioning units and heating units
53
brain eating amoeba
Naegleria fowleri
54
What do you call a parasite that is free living in a parasitic phase?
Facultative parasite
55
MOT of E. Naegleria fowleri
Entry to olfactory epithelium
respiratory tract
Skin and Sinuses
56
INFECTIVE STAGE for N. fowleri
Trophozoite
Amoeba form: "Limax form"
Flagellate
57
DISEASE ASSOCIATED to N. fowleri
Primary Amebic Meningoencephalitis (very fatal)
58
LAB DIAGNOSIS for N. fowleri
Usually post-mortem
CSF exam
Culture
PCR
Immunofluorescence
59
It is a free living amoeba and usually larger in size
Acanthamoeba spp.
60
Example of Acanthamoeba spp.
A. culbertsoni
A. castellanim
A. polyphaga
61
MOT of Acanthamoeba spp.
Entry through nose
Break in skin
62
Infective stage of Acanthamoeba spp.
Cyst
Trophozoites
63
Presence of acanthopodia (spiny projections)
Trophozoites
64
Presence of double cyst wall
Cyst
65
Cyst wall
Outer wall: ______
Inner wall: ______
Wrinkled
Polygonal or poly hedral
66
Diseases associated to Acanthamoeba spp.
Granulomatous amebic encephalitis
Amebic keratitis
Cutaneous lessions; sinusitis
67
Chronic, Usually occur in immunocompromised patients
Granulomatous amebic encephalitis
68
Use of contaminated contact lens and contact lens solutions
Amebic keratitis
69
Usually seen among AIDS patients
Sinusitis
70
LAB DIAGNOSIS for Acanthamoeba spp.
- Brain biopsy
- Corneal scrapings (eyes)
- Calcofluor white (keratitis)
- skin biopsy
- CSF exam
- Staining of Cyst with PAS
- Indirect IF
\
71
Between acanthamoeba and Naegleria disease, which of the two will first die?
Naegleria
72
Pathogenic intestinal flagellate
Zoonotic
Giardia lamblia
73
Reservoir of G. Lamblia
Beavers (important carriers)
74
MOT of G. lamblia
Ingestion of Cyst
75
DIAGNOSTIC STAGE of G. lamblia
Cyst and trophozoites
76
Trophozoites shapes
Bilaterally symmetrical Pear-shaped/Pyriform
77
No. of Nuclei and No. of Flagella of G. lamblia
2 and 8
78
Characteristics appearance of trophozoites of G. lamblia
"Old man's face with glasses", "Someone is looking at you"
Side view: curved spoon
79
Motility of G. lamblia
Falling leaf
80
Cyst shape of G. lamblia
Oval/football
81
Virulence factor of G. lamblia
Ventral sucking disk
lectin
82
Disease associated for G. lamblia
- Giardiasis
- Beaver fever (in the US)
- Traveler's diarrhea
- Backpacker's diarrhea
- Gay bowel syndrome
83
Laboratory diagnosis for G. lamblia
- direct fecal smear/Stool exams
- Concentration techniques
- Stained smears
- Entero-test also known as Beale's string test
- Duodenal aspirates
- Serology
- Molecular methods
- biopsy
84
Treatment for G. lamblia
Metronidazole
85
Pathogenic (diarrhea)
Dientamoeba fragilis
86
Cyst stage of Dientamoeba fragilis
Now confirmed present, rare (with 2 nuclei)
87
Trophozoite of Dientamoeba fragilis
2 nuclei: Rosette-like
88
MOT of dientamoeba fragilis
Transmission via or together with helminths eggs
Oral fecal
89
Diagnosis of Dientamoeba fragilis
- Identified in stained specimens
- Molecular methods
- Serology
90
Pathology of Dientamoeba fragilis
- Intermittent diarrhea
- Abdominal pain
- Eosinophilia
91
Commensal flagellate residing the colon (large intenstine)
Chilomastix mesnili
92
Trophozoites of C. mesnili
- Asymmetric
- Pear shaped
- 4 flagella
93
Motility of C. mesnili
Boring or Corkscrew
94
Cytostome of C. mesnili
Refers to the mouth
95
Cytostomal fibril of C. mesnili
Located near/beside the cytostome with a distinct feature of Sheperd's crook
96
Cyst of C. mesnili
Nipple/ Lemon shaped
97
- No cyst stage
- Possess 4-5 flagella
- Motility: Jerky
Trichomonas
98
Trichomonas vaginalis
a. Habitat: _____
b. MOT: ____
c. Nucleus: ____
d. Undulating membrane: ____
a. Urogenital area
b. - Intimate contact
- During infant delivery
- Use of contaminated underwear or towel
c. Ovoidal
d. Lateral portion 1/2 the body length
99
Pentatrichomonas hominis
a. Habitat: _____
b. MOT: ____
c. Nucleus: ____
d. Undulating membrane: ____
a. Colon
b. Ingestion
c. Rounded (no peripheral chromatin)
d. Full body length
100
Trichomonas tenax
a. Habitat: _____
b. MOT: ____
c. Nucleus: ____
d. Undulating membrane: ____
a. mouth ( tartar of teeth)
b. direct contact
c. ovoidal
d, 2/3 of the body
101
Disease manifestation of Trichomonas vaginalis
Trichomoniasis
MALES: Asymptomatic Pruritus vulva
FEMALES: Vaginal pruritus strawberry cervix
102
LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS of trichomonas
- Wet mounts of vaginal and urethral discharge, Stool Exam, Mouth scrapings
- Permanent stained smears
- Culture
- Serology, antigen detection
- molecular methods
103
Presence of siderophil granules and biggest among the three
Trichomonas vaginalis
104
Treatment
Metronidazole
105
Can be mis diagnosed as vaginalis if the urine specimen was contaminated with stool
Trichomonas hominis or pentatrichomonas hominis
106
Smallest among the three trichomonas and non pathogenic
Trichomonas tenax
107
it is elongated with an anterior flagella and full body undulating membrane and posterior kinetoplast (identifier)
Trypomastigotes (
108
It is elongated with an anterior flagella and 1/2 body undulating membrane and anterior kinetoplast
Epimastigotes (Crinthidia)
109
It is elongated with an anterior flagella but has no undulating membrane
Promastigotes (Leptomonas)
110
It has no flagella and it is rare which can be found intracellular
Amastigotes (Donovan Leishman)
111
Vector for trypanosoma cruzi
Reduviid bug, Kissing bug, Triatoma
112
MOT of Trypanosoma cruzi
- Feces of the vector entering the bite wound; blood transfusion; organ transplant, transplacentally
113
Disease Manifestation ACUTE PHASE for Trypanosoma cruzi
Chagoma; Romana's Sign
114
Disease manifestation CHRONIC PHASE for Trypanosoma cruzi
Enlargement of vital organ (heart, Esophagus)
115
Disease manifestation for Trypanosoma cruzi
Chagas disease or American trypanosomiasis
116
DIAGNOSTIC STAGE of Trypanosoma cruzi
Trypomastigote and Amastigote
116
LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS
- Giemsa staining of CSF, Blood Lymph
- Xenodiagnoses
- Culture: Novy Mac Neal nicolle
- Serology
- Buffy coat
117
Rhodesian/ East African sleeping sickness is caused by?
Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense
118
Gambian/West African Sleeping Sickness is caused by?
Trypanosoma brucei gambiense
119
Acute, rapidly progressing CNS stages takes place early less than 9 months (Anthropozoonotic)
Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense
120
Chronic progression Trypanosomal Chancre, Winterbottom's sign, Kerandel's Sign
(Anthroponotic)
Trypanosoma brucei gambiense
121
Vector of Trypanosoma
Tse-tse fly
122
DIAGNOSTIC STAGE of Trypanosoma
Trypomastigote
123
Leishmania spp. Vector and MOT
Sandfly
Bite of infected vector, Organ transplant
124
Presence of CUTANEOUS LESION that is called ________ and caused by ______________
Cutaneous leishmaniasis
Leishmania toprica
125
Presence of MUCOCUTANEOUS LESSION called _____ and caused by ______
Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis
Leishmania braziliensis
126
Causes Kala-azar means Black fever also known as _______
Leishmania donovani
dumdum fever
127
Among the three different species of Leishmania, what is the most severe?
Leishmania donovani
128
Diagnostic stage for Leishmania spp.
Amastigotes
129
LARGEST PROTOZOAN infecting man and reservoir is pigs
Balantidium coli
130
Motility of Balantidium coli
Thrown ball or Rotary movement
131
Cyst of Balantidium coli
Doubled walled; refractive cyst wall enclosing the cilia
132
Disease manifestation of Balantidium coli
Balantidiasis
133
Clinical manifestation of Balantidiasis coli
Bloody diarrhea
Flask-shaped ulcers
Extra intestinal spread
134
Treatment for Balantidiasis coli
Metronidazole
135
VIRULENCE FACTOR of Balantidium coli
Hyaluronidase
136
How to tell if it is a cyst or a trophozoite?
Cilia exposed: trophozoite
Cilia inside: cyst
137
Intracellular parasites with a presence of the apical complex
Phylum apicomplexa
138
found mostly in Africa, the common cause of malaria in the Philippines
Plasmodium falciparum
139
Causes simian malaria among monkeys, Primary endemic area - Southeast Asia
Plasmodium knowlesi
140
Sexual reproduction of the parasite happens in the __________
Intermediate host (human)
141
Asexual reproduction happens in the ___________
final host (female anopheles mosquito)
142
Is the major specie of anopheles carrying malaria in the Philippines
Anopheles minimus flavirostris
143
known as the night biter
Anopheles
144
Infective Stage to Mosquito
Macrogametocyte(female)
Microgametocyte (Male)
145
Relapse is the activation of ______ and undergo shizogony again
Hypnozoites
146
Not a true relapse. Low level of parasitemia
Recrudescence
