MTAP 1 Flashcards
(249 cards)
1
Q
The method of scratching the skin and applying pulverized powder from a smallpox scab
A
Variolation (inoculation or insufflation)
2
Q
Live attenuated vaccine was discovered by
A
Louis Pasteur
3
Q
It involves the use of bacteria or viruses that have been weakened through exposure to modifying conditions such as chemical treatment, hot or cold temperatures, aging, or repeated in vitro passage in cell culture.
A
Attenuation
4
Q
It is an antigen suspension derived from a pathogen.
A
Vaccine
5
Q
Vaccinia pertains to
A
Cowpox
6
Q
Variola major pertains to
A
Smallpox
7
Q
Variola minor pertains to
A
Alastrim
8
Q
Vaccine is a form of
A
Immunoprophylaxis
9
Q
The additional advantage of oral vaccines
A
It can potentially stimulate mucosal immunity as well as humoral antibody production and cell-mediated responses
10
Q
Chicken cholera is now known as
A
Pasteurella multocida
11
Q
Type of vaccine where live pathogens that have been weakened by growth under modified culture conditions
A
Attenuated
12
Q
Examples of attenuated vaccine
A
BCG
TYPHOID FEVER
ORAL POLIO
MEASLES, MUMPS
GERMAN MEASLES
CHICKEN POX, ROTAVIRUS
YELLOW FEVER
13
Q
Type of vaccine where the microorganism is killed
A
Inactivated Vaccine
14
Q
Examples of Inactivated vaccine
A
Intramascularpolio (salk)
Hepatitis A
Influenza (Intramuscular or intradermal), Rabies
15
Q
A vaccine that are bacterial toxins that have been chemically inactivated so that they are not pathogenic
A
Toxoids
16
Q
Examples of Toxoid vaccine
A
Diphtheria
Pertussis
Tetanus
(DPT)
17
Q
A vaccine that is biochemically purified components of a microorganism
A
Purified components
18
Q
Example of Purified components vaccine
A
Pertussis (whooping cough)
19
Q
A vaccine that is biochemically purified polysaccharide from bacterial capsule
A
Polysaccharides vaccine
20
Q
Example of Polysaccharides vaccine
A
Streptococcal pneumonia,
Haemophilus influenza type b
Neisserial meningitis
21
Q
A vaccine that a protein produced by genetically modified nonpathogenic bacteria, yeast, or other cells
A
Recombinant antigen
22
Q
Example of Recombinant antigen
A
Hepatitis B
Human papilloma virus (cervical, anal, genital cancers)
23
Q
Factors affecting immunogenicity
A
The age of recipient
The individual’s immune status,
The nature of the vaccine
24
Q
Some vaccines, such as the Live, Attenuated vaccine for Measles, Mumps, and Rubella, are not started until
A
12 to 15 months of age
25
Meningococcal meningitis and HPV, are not administered until
11-12 years old
26
The most immunogenic vaccines
Live, Attenuated vaccine
27
the least immunogenic vaccines
Purified components (subunits) derived from the pathogen
28
Jenner
Smallpox vaccination
29
Haeckel
Phagocytosis
30
Pasteur
Live, attenuated chicken cholera and anthrax vaccines
31
Metchnikoff
Cellular theory of immunity through phagocytosis
32
Marrack
Hypothesis of antigen-antibody binding
33
Salk and Sabin
Development of polio vaccine
34
Oral polio vaccine
Sabin
35
Intramuscular polio vaccine
Salk
36
Reed
Vaccine against yellow fever
37
uses anthrax to develop Koch postulate
Robert Koch
38
What year did Louis Pasteur creates the first vaccine for anthrax
1881
39
He discovered complement
Jules Bordet
40
He had the distinction of being awarded as the first immunology related Nobel Prize for his works on serum therapy
Emil Von Behring
41
The researcher of Serum antitoxins
Emil Von Behring
42
The researcher of the Structure of Antibodies
Gerald Edelman
Rodney Porter
43
The researcher of Radioimmunoassay
Rosalyn Yalow
44
The researcher of Antibody Diversity/Specificity
Susumu Tonegawa
45
The researcher of Human immunodeficiency virus
Francoise Barre- Sinoussi
Luc Montagnier
46
The phenomenon in which exposure to one agent produces protection against another agent is known as
cross-immunity
47
Is the individual’s ability to resist infection by means of normally present body functions. These are considered nonadaptive or nonspecific and are the same for all pathogens or foreign substances to which one is exposed.
Innate, or natural immunity
48
Is a type of resistance that is characterized by specificity for each individual pathogen, or microbial agent, and the ability to remember a prior exposure, which results in an increased response upon repeated exposure.
Acquired immunity
49
Natural immunity is responsible for what line of defense
First and Second line of defense
50
Adaptive immunity is responsible for what line of defense
Third line of defense
51
An immunity that a pathogen is recognized by receptors encoded in the germline
NATURAL or INNATE IMMUNITY
52
An immunity that a receptors have broad specificity
NATURAL or INNATE IMMUNITY
53
An immunity that a receptors have very narrow specificity; i.e., recognize a specific epitope
ADAPTIVE/ ACQUIRED IMMUNITY
54
The external defense system which is composed of structural barriers that prevent most infectious agents from entering the body.
First Line of Defense (innate immunity)
55
an enzyme found in many secretions such as tears and saliva, and it attacks the cell walls of microorganisms, especially those that are gram-positive.
Lysozyme
56
Many locations of the body, there is normal flora that often keeps pathogens from establishing themselves in these areas. This phenomenon is known as.
competitive exclusion
57
Mechanical barriers examples
skin, mucous membrane, cilia, mucus
58
Chemical barriers examples
-Enzymes like lysozyme found in secretions (tears, saliva, sweat)
Lactic acid in sweat
-HCL in the GI tract
-Acid in urine
59
Biological barriers examples
-Skin and mucous membrane (Steven's 4th edition)
-Normal flora
60
The internal defense system, in which both cells and soluble factors play essential parts.
Second Line of Defense (Innate immunity)
61
Cellular component of 2nd line of defense
Mast cells
Basophils
Eosinophil
Neutrophils
Macrophages
Dendritic cell
NK cells
62
Humolar component of 2nd line of defense
Complement
Lysozyme
Interferon alpha, and beta
63
Is a more recently evolved mechanism that allows the body to recognize, remember, and respond to a specific stimulus, an antigen.
Third Line of Defense (Acquired immunity)
64
Cellular component of 3rd Line of Defense (Acquired immunity)
T lymphocytes (majority of cytokines)
B lymphocytes
Plasma cells
65
Humoral component of 3rd Line of Defense (Acquired immunity)
Antibodies
Cytokines
66
Wha cells produces the majority of cytokines
T Lymphocytes
67
It recruits WBC's for phagocytosis
Coat pathogens to enhance phagocytosis
Mop up debris
Acute-phase reactants
68
Normal serum constituents that increase rapidly by at least 25 percent due to infection, injury, or trauma to the tissues
They are indicator of inflammation
Acute-phase reactants
69
Acute-phase reactants are primarily produced by
Hepatocytes (Liver parenchymal cells)
70
What are examples of cytokines
Il-1
IL-6
TNF-alpha
71
Elevated levels are found in conditions such as Bacterial Infections, Rheumatic Fever, Viral Infections, Malignant Diseases, Tuberculosis, and after a Heart Attack
C-Reactive Protein (CRP)
72
Is a trace constituent of serum originally thought to be an antibody to the c-polysaccharide of the pneumococci
CRP
73
CRP response time
6-10 hours
74
CRP normal concentration
0.5 mg/dL
75
CRP function
Opsonization
Complement activation
76
CRP main substrate
Phosphocholine
77
CRP binds to specific receptors found on monocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils, which promotes phagocytosis.
Monocytes
Macrophages
and Neutrophils,
78
It is a significant risk factor for myocardial infarction and ischemic stroke
Hs-CRP
79
It is associated with HDL cholesterol, and it is thought to play a role in metabolism of cholesterol (removing cholesterol filled macrophages at the site of tissue injury)
SERUM AMYLOID A
80
It has been found to increase significantly more in bacterial infections than in viral infections
SERUM AMYLOID A
81
It is also increased to patients with chronic inflammation, atherosclerosis, and cancer
SERUM AMYLOID A
82
A trimer that acts as an opsonin, which is calcium-dependent.
MANNOSE-BINDING PROTEIN
83
Lack of MBP has been associated with
Recurrent Yeast Infections
84
General plasma inhibitor of proteases released from leukocytes, especially elastase.
It also regulates expression of proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF, Interleukin-1, and IL-6
ALPHA1- ANTITRYPSIN
85
ALPHA1- ANTITRYPSIN deficiency can lead to
premature emphysema
juvenile cirrhosis
86
It is the principal copper-transporting protein in human plasma
CERULOPLASMIN
87
decreased CERULOPLASMIN can lead to
Wilson's disease
88
Increased CERULOPLASMIN can lead to
Inflammation
89
It binds irreversibly to free hemoglobin released
Haptoglobin
90
What are the types of phagocytosis
Direct
Indirect
91
via Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRP) that recognize lipid and carbohydrate sequences on microorganisms
DIrect phagocytosis
92
via Opsonin receptors that recognize opsonins such as IgG, and C3b bound to microorganisms
Indirect phagocytosis
93
Stages of phagocytosis according to Rodaks
Recognition & Attachment
Ingestion
Killing & Digestion
Formation of NETS (neutrophil extracellular traps)
94
Stages of phagocytosis according to Old Immuno Books
Initiation
Chemotaxis
Engulfment
Digestion
95
Stages of phagocytosis according to Steven's
Adherence
Outflowing of cytoplasm
Formation of phagosome
Formation of the phagolysosome
Digestion
Excretion
96
What are the phagocytic cells
Dendritic cells
Monocytes/Macrophage
Neutrophil
Basophil
Eosinophil
96
Stages of phagocytosis according to Turgeon's
Chemotaxis
Adherence
Engulfment
Phagosome formation
Fusion
Digestion and destruction
97
What are the less efficient phagocytes
Basophils
Eosinophils
97
Most potent phagocytes
Dendritic cells
98
The most potent/lethal bactericidal product formed in the respiratory burst
Hydrogen peroxide
99
Known to be central to the killing of microbes, because its dysfunction causes chronic granulomatous disease. Patients with this disease suffer from recurring, severe bacterial infections
NADPH oxidase
100
A lytic enzyme from the lysosomal granules that are able to cleave segments of bacterial cell walls without the benefit of oxygen.
Defensins
101
They are chemical messengers that cause cells to migrate in a particular direction
Chemotaxins
102
Produced by neutrophils, certain macrophage populations, and Paneth cells of the small intestine. This class of defensins is believed to disrupt the microbial membrane.
Alpha defensins
103
Produced by neutrophils as well as epithelial cells lining the various organs, including the bronchial tree and genitourinary system. They are believed to increase resistance of epithelial cells to colonization
Beta defensins
104
Surface receptors that promote cell-to-cell interaction. It is an adhesion molecule together with selectins
Integrins
105
Bactericidal and viricidal protein in the presence of C3 component and magnesium
Properdin
106
Heat-stable cationic substance released by platelet during coagulation
Beta-Lysin
107
Iron binding protein that is found in secretory fluid such as milk, saliva, tear, and nasal secretion. It is also released as a secondary granules of PMNs. It protects against bacterial infection, possibly by preventing the growth of bacteria by depriving them of essential nutrients(iron) or by killing bacteria by destroying their cell walls
Lactoferrin
108
What are the 3 PRRs'
Secreted PRRs
Phagocytosis Receptors
Toll-like Receptors (TLR)
109
What are the TLRs receptors found on cell surfaces
TLR 1
TLR 2
TLR 4
TLR 5
TLR 6
110
What are the TLRs receptors found on endosomal compartments
TLR 3
TLR 7
TLR 8
TLR 9
111
It recognizes lipoprotein found in mycobacteria
TLR 1
112
It recognizes teichoic acid and peptidoglycan found in gram-positive bacteria
TLR 2
113
It recognizes lipopolysaccharide found in gram-negative bacteria
TLR 4
114
It recognizes bacterial flagellin
TLR 5
115
It recognizes lipopeptides, lipotechoic acid, and zymogans
TLR 6
116
It recognizes double-stranded RNA
TLR 3
117
It recognizes single-stranded RNA
TLR 7
TLR 8
118
It recognizes double-stranded DNA
TLR 9
119
It is the primary inflammatory response
Vasodilation
120
It is a term where there is increased blood supply to the infected area
Hyperemia
121
The process by which cells are capable of moving from the circulating blood to the tissues by squeezing through the wall of a blood vessel
Diapedesis
122
What are the 5 cardinal signs of Inflammation
Rubor
Dolor
Calor
Tumor
Functio laesa
123
What are the predominant cells during acute inflammation
Neutrophils
124
What are the predominant cells during chronic inflammation
Monocytes
Macrophages
125
A cardinal sign that is also induced by certain chemical mediators of inflammation, such as Bradykinin, Serotonin, & Prostaglandins.
Dolor
126
The order of 5 cardinal signs
Rubor
Tumor
Calor
Dolor
Functio laesa
127
An immunoglobulin that is found in Breastmilk
IgA
128
What is the mechanism of Humoral Branch
Antibody-mediated
129
What is the cell type of the Humoral Branch
B-Lymphocytes
130
What is the purpose of Humoral Branch
Primary defense against bacterial infection
131
What is the mechanism of Cellular Branch
Cell-mediated
132
What is the cell type of the Cellular Branch
T-Lymphocytes
133
What is the purpose of Cellular Branch
Defense against viral and fungal infections,
134
What are the primary lymphoid organs
Bone marrow
Thymus
135
It is an organ that function as Ag-independent lymphopoiesis
Site where most blood cells mature including B cells and NK cells.
Bone marrow
136
Site where T cells mature and develop their identifying characteristics.
Thymus
137
The not fully mature T cells reside in
Thymic cortex
138
The mature T cells reside in
Thymic medulla
139
The paracortex contains
Majority of T cells
140
It acts as the site for antigen-dependent lymphopoiesis
Secondary Lymphoid Organ
141
What are the Secondary Lymphoid Organs
Spleen
Lymph nodes
MALT
CALT
142
Represents 60 to 80 percent of circulating lymphocytes in the peripheral blood
T Lymphocytes
143
The CD markers of T Lymphocytes
CD 2
CD 3
CD 4
CD 8
144
A CD markers that is characterized by sheep red blood cell receptor (rosette formation),
It is also the classical T-cell surface marker
CD 2
145
It is part of T-cell antigen-receptor complex
CD 3
146
Normal ratio of CD4 : CD8
2:1
147
HIV patient ratio of CD4 : CD8
1:2
148
CD 4 count of AIDS patient
<200 cells/uL
149
It is an interleukin that is critical for growth and differentiation
IL-7
150
It lacks CD 4 and CD 8 markers
Double Negative Thymocytes
151
It Expresses both CD 4 and CD 8
Double Positive Thymocytes
152
Where does positive selection occur
Thymic cortex
153
Where does negative selection occur
Thymic medulla
154
Splenic tissue is divided into what two main type
Red pulp
White pulp
155
A region of white pulp that contains mainly T-cells
Periarteriolar Lymphoid Sheats (PALS)
156
A region of white pulp that contains naive B cells/virgin cells
Primary follicles
157
A region of white pulp that contains dendritic cells
Marginal zone
158
A cell that acts as the orchestrator/ stimulator of the effector mechanisms of the immune response such as Antibody synthesis, macrophage activation, Cytotoxic T cell killing, and NK cell activation
T helper cells
159
How many parts of peripheral T-cells expresses CD4 antigen
2/3
160
How many parts of peripheral T-cells expresses CD8 antigen
1/3
161
Produce interferon-gamma (IFN-Y) and tumor necrosis factor beta (TNF- B), which protect cells against intracellular pathogens.
Th1 cells
162
It secretes IL-2, interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), and TNF-β, which are responsible for the activation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes and macrophages
Th1 subset
163
It produces various interleukins, including IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, and IL-13. The essential role of the Th2 cells is to help B cells produce antibodies against extracellular pathogens. Recently, an additional T-cell subpopulation
Th2 cells
164
It plays an important role in suppressing the immune response to self-antigens. They are critical for prevention of autoimmunity.
T-regulatory cells (T reg)
165
T cells exposed to antigen
Activated T lymphocytes express receptors for IL-2, just as activated B cells
CD 25(+) is the receptor for IL-2
Activated T-Cells
166
T lymphoblasts differentiate into functionally active small lymphocytes that produce cytokines/lymphokines.
Sensitized T-Cells
167
It represents 20-35 percent (10-20% other books) of lymphocyte population. 10 -15% (Steven’s 4th edition)
B-Lymphocyte
168
The pro-B cell has distinctive markers that include surface antigens it includes
CD19
CD45R
CD43,
CD24,
C-Kit
169
Pre-B cells may also express μ chains on the cell surface, accompanied by an unusual light chain molecule called a
SURROGATE LIGHT CHAIN.
170
Immature B cells are distinguished by the appearance of
complete IgM molecules
171
It acts as a receptor for a breakdown product of the complement component C3, known as C3d
CD 21
172
In addition to IgM, all mature B cells exhibit IgD, another class of antibody molecule, on their surface.
Contain monomeric IgM
Mature B-Cells
173
Memory B cells carry a what type of immunoglobulin as their antigen receptor
IgG
174
Represents 10-15(<10%) percent of total Lymphocyte population. Other Books: 5 to 10%
Natural Killer Cells
175
Natural Killer Cells is also known as
Larger Granular Lymphocytes (LGL)
176
Natural Killer Cells is activated by
IL-2
177
Activated natural killer cell is also called as
(Lymphokine Killer activated cells) or LAK
178
Natural Killer Cells possess what CD markers
CD 16
CD 56
CD 94
179
Protease; a marker for pre-B CALLA
CD 10
180
Receptor for complement component C3d; part of B cell co-receptor with CD 19 (RECEPTER OF EBV)
CD 21
181
CD markers under B-Cells
CD 19
CD 20
CD 21 CD
CD 40
MHC Class II
182
The most frequently used method for obtaining lymphocytes is density gradient centrifugation
Ficoll Hypaque
183
Specific gravity of Ficoll Hypaque
1.007 - 1.114
184
These are substances that stimulate cell division
Mitogen
185
Phytohemagglutinin, Concanavalin A, Pokeweed
T-Cell Lymphocyte
186
Lipopolysaccharide, Staphylococcal protein A, Pokeweed
B-Cells
187
KILL/ANNIHILATE Virally infected cells or cancerous cells through the secretion of
Perforins
Granzymes
188
A part of antibody that binds to the antigenic determinant site
Paratope
189
The key portion of the immunogen is known as the
Epitope or Determinant site
190
Substances that are too small to be recognized by themselves, but if they are complexed to larger molecules, they are then able to stimulate an immune response.
Haptens
191
Example of haptens
Drugs
Therapeutic Hormones
192
Is a substance administered with an immunogen that increases the immune response.
Adjuvants
193
It is originally referred to as human leukocyte antigens (HLA)
Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)
194
Genes coding for the MHC molecules in humans are found on the
Short arm of Chromosome 6
195
A light chains found in the urine of patient with Multiple myeloma
Bence Jones Protein
196
Hinge region contains what for flexibility
Proline
197
Hinge region is found between
CH1 and CH2
198
Antibodies with Hinge Region
IgG
IgA
IgD
199
Antibodies without Hinger Region
IgM
IgE
200
Sedimentation coefficient of IgM
19 S
201
Sedimentation coefficient of IgE
8 S
202
A predominant immunoglobulin in humans
Non-agglutinating antibody
Immune antibody
Incomplete antibody
Warm antibodies
IgG
203
IgG order (best to less efficient)
IgG 1
IgG 3
IgG 4
IgG 2
204
All IgG can fix the complement except
IgG 4
205
Known as Macroglobulin and is found mainly INTRAVASCULARLY.
Immunoglobulin M
206
Also known as Agglutinating Ab / complete Ab / non-immune Ab
Immunoglobulin M
207
The five monomeric units are held together by a
J or joining chain
208
Number of valence/ antigen binding sites of Immunoglobulin M
10
209
Predominant immunoglobulin in secretions such as tears, saliva, colostrum, milk, and intestinal fluids.
Immunoglobulin A
210
An immunoglobulin that is an anti-inflammatory
A monomer and mainly found in serum
IgA 1
211
An immunoglobulin that is resistant to proteolysis
A dimer and mainly found in secretions
IgA 2
212
Protects IgA from digestion by proteolytic enzymes and acts to facilitate the transport of IgA to mucosal surfaces
Secretory/Vesicle component
213
An immunoglobulin that is capable of acting as opsonin
IgA
214
Aggregates of IgA can activate what type of complement pathway
Alternative pathway
215
Immunoglobulin D was found in patient with
Multiple myeloma
216
Multiple myeloma is a cancer of
Plasma cell
217
IgD function as
Immunoregulation
218
IgD may play a role in regulating
B cell maturation and differentiation
219
An immunoglobulin that is primarily a cell membrane Ig found on the surface of B cells
IgM
IgD
220
It is an immunoglobulin that is extremely susceptible to proteolysis because of its unusual long hinge region
IgD
221
The least abundant immunoglobulin in the serum
IgE
222
Tt is an inflammatory antibody
Heat labile antibody
IgE
223
IgE is also known as
Inflammatory antibody
Reaginic antibody
224
It mediates some types of hypersensitivity (allergic) reactions, allergies, and anaphylaxis and is generally responsible for an individual’s immunity to invading parasites
IgE
225
no antibody is detectable.
Lag phase
226
the antibody titer increases logarithmically.
Log phase
227
the antibody titer stabilizes.
Plateau phase
228
the antibody is catabolized.
Decline phase
229
An immortal cell capable of producing an indefinite sequence of nucleotides
Hybridoma Cells
230
Formation of a hybridoma in monoclonal antibody production. A mouse is immunized, and spleen cells (plasma or B cells) are removed.
Hybridoma Technology
231
In complement system what is the order of discovery
C1>2>3>4>5>6>7>8>9
232
In complement system what is the order of activation
C1>4>2>3>5>6>7>8>9>
233
It acts as a powerful opsonin
C3b
234
It acts as a Chemotaxin/attract WBC
C5a
235
It acts as an Anaphylatoxin
C3a, C4a, C5a
236
The most potent anaphylatoxin in complement cascade
C5a
237
Ions involved in the complement system
Calcium and Magnesium
238
C3 convertase of Classical and Lectin Pathway
C4b2a
239
C3 convertase of Alternative Pathway
C3bBb
240
Example of Single Diffusion, Single Dimension
Oudin’s Test
Rocket immune electrophoresis
241
Example of Single Diffusion, Double Dimension
Radial immunodiffusion
242
Double diffusion, Single Dimension
Oakley and Fulthrope (Modified Oudin)
Countercurrent Immuno-electrophoresis
243
Double diffusion, Double Dimension
Ouchterlony
244
Uses bacteria as the inert particles
Coagglutination
245
Reactions are based on competition between particulate and soluble antigens for limited antibody- combining sites, and a lack of agglutination is an indicator of a positive reaction.
Agglutination Inhibition
246
This type of testing has been used to detect antibodies to certain viruses, such as rubella, mumps, measles, influenza, parainfluenza, HBV, herpesvirus, respiratory syncytial virus, and adenovirus.
Hemagglutination inhibition
247
