MTC

Question 1

Competitive binding (in regards to drugs) means

Answer 1

That a drug is competing with a natural substrate for an active site

Question 2

Reversible inhibition occurs when a drug binds via which type of bonds

Answer 2

Non-covalent intermolecular

Question 3

Irreversible inhibition occurs when a drug binds via which type of bonds

Answer 3

Covalent

Question 4

Esters hydrolyse into what

Answer 4

Carboxyllic acids

Question 5

True/False: Drugs that irreversibly bind are not-toxic

Answer 5

False, drugs that bind irreversibly are usually toxic

Question 6

Toxic/irreversibly binding agents are useful as what type of agent/drug

Answer 6

Chemotherapeutic, invading pathogen killing agents

Question 7

Lipinski’s rule of 5 (relating to oral drugs) is

Answer 7

1. Less than 5 H-bond donors (OH, NH)
2. Less than 10 H-bond acceptors (O, N)
3. Molecular weight less than 500 g/mol
4. Partition co-efficient (Log P) less than 5

Question 8

Enteral route means

Answer 8

Via oral administration

Question 9

Parenteral route means

Answer 9

Via intravenous injection

Question 10

What type of molecule passes through lipid bilayer

Answer 10

Small, uncharged, non-polar molecules

Question 11

What are prodrugs

Answer 11

Inactive compounds that are converted into active drugs within the body

Question 12

What is a conformer

Answer 12

Different geometry resulting from rotation around a C-C single bond

Question 13

What are two examples of conformations

Answer 13

Staggered and eclipsed

Question 14

What are constitutional isomers

Answer 14

Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formulas

Question 15

What are stereoisomers

Answer 15

Compounds with the same molecular formula but different 3d arrangement (e.g. cis/trans groups)

Question 16

What are diastereoisomers

Answer 16

Stereoisomers that are not complete mirror images of one another

Question 17

What are chiral compounds/enantiomers

Answer 17

Compounds that are non-superimposable mirror images of one another

Question 18

Which protein derived amino acid is NOT chiral

Answer 18

Glycine

Question 19

What kind of configuration do all naturally derived amino acids (except glycine) have

Answer 19

L-configuration

Question 20

What is the CIP system used for

Answer 20

Specifying configuration around a stereocentre

Question 21

What is the Fischer system used for

Answer 21

Specifying configuration of an amino acid

Question 22

In terms of protein structure, what does primary/secondary/tertiary/quaternary mean

Answer 22

Primary: amino acid chain
Secondary: a-helices or b-sheets
Tertiary: multiple secondary structures
Quaternary: multiple tertiary structure subunits

Question 23

What determines the overall chirality of aldohexoses

Answer 23

The position of the OH group on the penultimate carbon

Question 24

What kind of configuration do all naturally derived aldohexoses have

Answer 24

D-configuration at the penultimate carbon

Question 25

What are cyclic stereoisomers known as

Answer 25

Anomers

Question 26

Living cells are composed of what 4 major compound groups

Answer 26

1. Carbohydrates 2. Fats 3. Proteins 4. Nucleic Acids

Question 27

Carbohydrates form

Answer 27

Sugar molecules

Question 28

Fats form

Answer 28

Larger structures, make up lipid bilayer etc

Question 29

Proteins are made up of

Answer 29

Amino acid combinations

Question 30

Nucleic acids are formed from what

Answer 30

4 types of nucleotide monomers

Question 31

Most macromolecules are formed by

Answer 31

Condensation (removal of water)

Question 32

Most macromolecules are broken down by

Answer 32

Hydrolysis (addition of water)

Question 33

What is the generic formula for carbohydrates

Answer 33

Cn(H2O)n

Question 34

What are the 4 categories of biologically important carbohydrates

Answer 34

Monosaccharides (glucose, fructose, galactose), disaccharides (sucrose, lactose, maltose), oligosaccharides (3-20), polysaccharides (starch, glycogen, cellulose)

Question 35

What are epimers

Answer 35

Stereoisomers that differ in the position of an OH group at only 1 asymmetrical/chiral carbon

Question 36

Lactose is formed by which two monosaccharides and by what type of linkage

Answer 36

Glucose and galactose, formed by a 1,4 beta glycosidic linkage

Question 37

Sucrose is formed by which two monosaccharides and by what type of linkage

Answer 37

Glucose and lactose, formed by 1,2 alpha glycosidic linkage

Question 38

Maltose is formed by which two monosaccharides and by what type of linkage

Answer 38

Glucose and glucose, formed by 1,4 alpha glycosidic linkage

Question 39

Which polysaccharide of glucose is branched

Answer 39

Starch

Question 40

Which polysaccharide of glucose is HIGHLY branched

Answer 40

Glycogen

Question 41

Which polysaccharide of glucose NOT branched

Answer 41

Cellulose

Question 42

How do non-branched polysaccharides retain structure (which type of bond does it use)

Answer 42

Hydrogen bonds between parallel layers of cellulose molecules