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chapter bacteria and viruses 18 (finals restudy) > multiple choice > Flashcards

multiple choice Flashcards

(76 cards)

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1
Q

what are the three characteristics of domain bacteria?

A

-very strong cell walls
-contain peptidoglycan
-some have second cell wall

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2
Q

_____ are microscopic organisms that are prokaryotes.

A

bacteria

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3
Q

these cells are the most numerous organisms and the do not have organelles or a nucleus.

A

prokaryotic cells

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4
Q

the members of this domain can live in extreme, harsh environments

A

archae

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5
Q

other term for members of domain archae.

A

extremophiles

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6
Q

what type of environment does thermoacidophiles live?

A

hot,acidic environments

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7
Q

what type of environment does halophiles live?

A

very salty environments

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8
Q

what type of environment does methanogens live?

A

cannot live in the presence of oxygen

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9
Q

what are the differences between bacteria and archae?

A

-cell walls of bacteria contains peptidoglycan, while archae do not.
-have different lipids in their plasma membranes
-different ribosomal proteins and RNA

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10
Q

describe the prokaryote structure.

A

microscopic, unicellular organisms.

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11
Q

what does a prokaryotes/prokaryotic structure have? what does it lacks of?

A

-they have some characteristics of all cells, such as DNA and ribosomes.
-lack of nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.

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12
Q

this refers to the genes on a circular chromosome in an area in the cell.

A

nucleiod

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13
Q

many prokaryotes have at least ONE CIRCULAR PIECE of DNA called…

A

plasmid

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14
Q

function of capsule.

A

-keeps the cell from drying out
-protects cells from w.b.c and antibiotics

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15
Q

function of pili.

A

-plays role in conjugation.

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16
Q

function of size.

A

-large surface-area-to-volume ratio enables nutrients to diffuse easily to all parts of the cell.

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17
Q

what does spherical-shaped prokaryote called?

A

cocci

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18
Q

what does rod-shaped prokaryote called?

A

bacilli

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19
Q

what does spiral-shaped (spirili) prokaryote called?

A

spirochetes

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20
Q

what does eubacteria has?

A

peptidoglycan

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21
Q

what color appears if the bacteria is gram positive? what structure does it lacks of? what does it have?

A

-appears purple
-does not have lipid layer
-have a lot of peptidoglycan

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22
Q

what gram stain result (pos/neg) requires different treatment?why?

A

-gram positive
-because extra layer stops some antibiotics fron entering.

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23
Q

what color appears if the bacteria is gram negative? what does it have?

A

-appears light pink
-have lipid layer that have less peptidoglycan

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24
Q

what does gram ngeative bacteria makes?

A

-antibiotics

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25
what does prokaryotic flagella made of?
filaments
26
function of flagella.
-help prokaryotes to move TOWARD materials that they need to survive
27
what kind of reproduction is reproduction of prokaryotes?what are the two of them?
-asexual reproduction -binary fission (mitosis) and conjugation
28
define binary fission.
division of a cell into two genetically identical cells
29
define conjugation.
-two prokaryotes attach to each other and exchange genetic info using their pili (increase diversity)
30
this carry out photosynthesis in a similar manner as plants.
photoautotrophs
31
breaks down and release inorgani compound that conatin nitrogen or sulfur by chemosynthesis.
chemoautotrophs
32
diffference between aerobes and anaerobes.
-obligate aerobes aree bacteria that REQUIRE O2 to grow -anaerobic bacteria DO NOT use O2 for growth or metabolism.
33
define endospore.
-spore coat that surrounds the chromosome and cytoplasm of the bacteria.
34
what happens to endspore when conditions improve?
-grows into a new cell
35
how does mutation occurs quickly?
-when bacteria reproduce quickly and their population grows rapidly
36
what does mutations lead to?
-new forms of genes, new gene combinations, new characteristics, and genetic diversity
37
where does nitrogen-fixing bacteria lives?
-livve in a symbiotic relationship in the root nodules of plants
38
human body is covered with this harmless bacteria which helps prevent harmful bacteria from infecting the body and causing disease?
normal flora
39
where does bacteria lives in mammals?
digestive tract
40
this type of bacteria has small percentage of causing disease BUT multiply quickly at the site of infection.
disease-causing bacteria
41
what does disease-causing bacteria secretes?
toxin
42
(OPTIONAL)what diseases are caused by STD's?
-syphilis -gonorrhea -chlamydia
43
(OPTIONAL)what diseases belongs to respritory diseases?
-strep throat -pneumonia -whooping cough -tubercolosis -antharax
44
(OPTIONAL)what diseases belongs to skin diseases?
-acne -boils -infections of wounds or burns
45
(OPTIONAL)what diseases belongs to digestive tract diseases?
-gastroenteritis -many types of food poisoning -cholera
46
(OPTIONAL)what diseases belongs to NS diseases?
-botulissm -tetanus -bacterial meningitis
47
(OPTIONAL) what does MRSA (straphylococcus aureus) causes?
-bacterium that causes infections in different parts of the body.
48
this is a nonliving strand of genetic material (DNA OR RNA) within a protein coat.
-viruses
49
what are the characteristics of a bacteria?
-no organelles to take in nutrients or use energy -cannot make proteins -cannot move -cannot replicate on their own -size ranges from 5 to 300 nanometers.
50
what does a virus needs to spread or replicate?
host
51
what are the 2 parts of viruses?
outer capsid and genetic material (DNA OR RNA)
52
outer capsid/capsid is made of...
proteins
53
where (structure) does a virus attaches to the host cells by using specific receptors?
plasma membrane
54
HUMAN VIRAL DISEASES (OPTIONAL)what diseases are caused by STD?
-AIDS (HIV) -genital herpes
55
HUMAN VIRAL DISEASES (OPTIONAL)what diseases belongs to childhood diseases?
-measles -mumps -chiken pox
56
HUMAN VIRAL DISEASES (OPTIONAL)what diseases belongs to respiratory diseases?
-common cold -influenza
57
HUMAN VIRAL DISEASES (OPTIONAL)what diseases belongs to skin diseases?
-warts -shingles
58
HUMAN VIRAL DISEASES (OPTIONAL)what diseases belongs to digestive tract diseases?
-gastroenteritis
59
HUMAN VIRAL DISEASES (OPTIONAL)what diseases belongs to NS diseases?
-pollo -viral meningitis -rabies
60
HUMAN VIRAL DISEASES (OPTIONAL)what diseases belongs to other diseases?
-small pox -hepatitis
61
HUMAN BACTERIA DISEASES (OPTIONAL)what diseases belongs to other diseases?
-lyme disease -typhoid fever
62
define lyctic cycle
-host cell makes many copies of the viral RNA OR DNA
63
define lysogenic cycle
-viral dna inserts, or integrates into a chromosome in a host cell.
64
what type of viral replication (cycle) describes the ff.: -rapidly kills a host cell by making it lyse or burst apart -host show sogns of disease during this cycle because its cells are being killed.
-lytic cycle
65
what type of cycle is the replication process in which a virus DOES NOT immediately kill a host cell?
lysogenic cycle
66
part of lysogenic cycle in which the nucleic acid of a bacterial virus that is attached to the host's chromosome.
prophage or provirus
67
characteristics of RETROVIRUSES.
-have RNA -have protein capsid -lipid envelope is obtained from the plasma membrane of host cell
68
(OPTIONAL) this respiratory disease/syndrome is caused by a variant of coronavirus
SARS (sever acutre respiratory syndrome)
69
(OPTIONAL) this virus belongs to a family of virus called flaviviridae (spread by mosquitoes that have fed on blood of infected birds)
-west nile virus
70
(OPTIONAL) virus infection that is an intestinal illness that often occurs in outbreaks (caused by its own name). people get infected by swallowing contaminated food or water
norwalk virus
71
(OPTIONAL) flu that are found chiefly in birds, but infections can occur on humans.
avian influenza flu/avian flu
72
(OPTIONAL) this causes birth defects on babies born to some infected pregnant women.
zika virus
73
(OPTIONAL) what happens to the baby that is born when their mother is infected with zika virus?
underdeveloped/small heads and brain damage.
74
(OPTIONAL) most recent pandemic that kills 1,701people in sk.
covid pandemic
75
this is a protein that can cause infection or disease (both infectious and hereditary)
prions
76
where does prions normally exist?
cells

chapter bacteria and viruses 18 (finals restudy) (2 decks)

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