Multiple choice

Question 1

1. Which statement is false?
   a. The generator determines the capacity of the x-ray machine.
   b. Greater capacity allows shorter exposure time.
   c. Reduction of the exposure time will increase the motion unsharpness
   d. The most common reason for motion unsharpness is panting.

Answer 1

c. Reduction of the exposure time will increase the motion unsharpness

Question 2

2. What is the role of the collimator?
   a. Filtration of the scattered beams
   b. Setting the size of the x-ray beam
   c. Setting the strength of the x-ray beam
   d. Reduction of x-ray radiation

Answer 2

b. Setting the size of the x-ray beam

Question 3

3. Which one is not an exposure factor?
   a. kV
   b. mA
   c. kW
   d. s

Answer 3

c. kW

Question 4

4. Which statement is false?
   a. The kVp describes the strength (penetrating power) of the x-ray beam.
   b. The mA describes the number of x-ray photons
   c. To maintaine the same exposure, if increasing the mAs you have to elevate the kVp too.
   d. The same mAs can be created from different time components.

Answer 4

c. To maintaine the same exposure, if increasing the mAs you have to elevate the kVp too.

Question 5

5. What is the normal range of tube voltage in small animal radiography?
   a. 0,1-2 kVp
   b. 1000-2000 kVp
   c. 40-100 kVp
   d. 4-10 kVp

Answer 5

c. 40-100 kVp

Question 6

7. Which statement is true? The use of the grid
   a. reduces the radiation exposure
   b. improves the image contrast
   c. improves the image sharpness
   d. reduces the exposure time

Answer 6

b. improves the image contrast

Question 7

8. What is not a normal component of an indirect digital system (CR)?
   a. x-ray tube
   b. x-ray film
   c. collimator
   d. PSP plate

Answer 7

b. x-ray film

Question 8

9. Which statement is false?
   a. The x-ray radiation is electromagnetic radiation.
   b. X-ray beams cannot be deflected by a magnetic field.
   c. Particles with higher energy have a higher penetrating power.
   d. The elementary unit of the x-ray beam is the electron.

Answer 8

d. The elementary unit of the x-ray beam is the electron.

Question 9

11. Which statement is true?
    a. Some digital technologies use x-ray films.
    b. Fluoroscopy can be digital or analog.
    c. DR systems can be digital or analog.
    d. The picture of CR systems can be static or dynamic.

Answer 9

b. Fluoroscopy can be digital or analog.

Question 10

12. Which statement is true ?
    a. Fluoroscopy causes very low radiation exposure.
    b. Fluoroscopy is mainly used for static examinations.
    c. During fluoroscopy the x-ray tube is generally above the animal.
    d. Fluoroscope is also called “C-arm”.
    .

Answer 10

d. Fluoroscope is also called “C-arm”.

Question 11

13. The negatively charged particle of an atom is the:
    a. proton.
    b. neutron.
    c. electron.
    d. nucleus

Answer 11

c. electron.

Question 12

14. As x-rays pass through materials, they have the ability to:
    a. cause some substances to fluoresce (emit visible light).
    b. completely remove an electron from an atom, leaving the atom positively charged.
    c. cause chemical changes that can kill cells.
    d. all of the above.

Answer 12

d. all of the above.

Question 13

15. Which of the following statements is true?
    a. X-rays can be deflected by magnetic fields.
    b. X-rays with longer wavelengths penetrate farther than rays with shorter wavelengths.
    c. Electromagnetic radiation with higher frequency has more penetrating power through space and matter.
    d. Gamma rays are required for the production of a radiograph.

Answer 13

c. Electromagnetic radiation with higher frequency has more penetrating power through space and matter.

Question 14

16. Electrons travel:
    a. Toward the cathode in an x-ray tube
    b. Away from the anode in an x-ray tube
    c. Toward the anode in an x-ray tube
    d. None of them is true

Answer 14

c. Toward the anode in an x-ray tube

Question 15

17. X-ray photons travel:
    a. toward the cathode in an x-ray tube.
    b. away from the anode in an x-ray tube.
    c. toward the anode in an x-ray tube.
    d. None of them is true.

Answer 15

b. away from the anode in an x-ray tube.

Question 16

18. Ways to increase penetrating power of x-rays include:
    a. increasing kVp.
    b. increasing the time setting.
    c. increasing thermionic emission.
    d. increasing mAs.

Answer 16

a. increasing kVp.

Question 17

19. The milliamperage-seconds (mAs) for 100 mA and 1/10 sec is:
    a. 10 mAs
    b. 10000 mAs
    c. 100 mAs
    d. 1 mAs

Answer 17

a. 10 mAs

Question 18

20. According to Santes’ rule, if a cats abdomen measures 8 cm, FFD is 100 cm, kVp is:
    a. 72
    b. 56
    c. 66
    d. 52

Answer 18

b. 56

Question 19

21. Increasing the film-object distance:
    a. The resulting image will be larger.
    b. The resulting image will be sharper.
    c. The resulting image will be distorted.
    d. Both a and b is correct.

Answer 19

a. The resulting image will be larger.

Question 20

22. One percent of the energy produced at the anode is in the form of
    a. heat
    b. x-rays
    c. light
    d. none of the above.

Answer 20

b. x-rays

Question 21

23. The temperature of the filament within the cathode is controlled by:
    a. time setting.
    b. the source-image distance.
    c. kVp setting.
    d. mA setting.

Answer 21

d. mA setting.

Question 22

24. Which is a characteristic of x-rays?
    a. Their total number produced is determined by kV
    b. Longer wavelengths have more penetrating power.
    c. Their intensity increases as SID (source-image distance) decreases.
    d. They diverge from a light source.

Answer 22

c. Their intensity increases as SID (source-image distance) decreases.

Question 23

25. The potential difference between the anode and cathode is measured in
    a. kilovolts
    b. kilowatts
    c. milliamperes
    d. centimeters

Answer 23

a. kilovolts

Question 24

26. Higher kVp settings allows for a ___ mAs and ___exposure time.
    a. higher, higher
    b. higher, lower
    c. lower, lower
    d. higher, higher

Answer 24

c. lower, lower

Question 25

27. Which of the following increases radiographic density? a. thinner body parts b. increased mAs c. increased density of the bodypart being radiographed d. decreased kVp

Answer 25

a. thinner body parts

Question 26

28. Which of the following radiographs should have the shortest scale of contrast? a. abdomen b. thorax c. femur d. all are approximately equal

Answer 26

b. thorax

Question 27

29. The primary exposure factor that controls scatter radiation is a. kVp b. mAs c. increased exposure time d. the collimator setting

Answer 27

d. the collimator setting

Question 28

30. What do grids contain that controls scatter radiation? a. Molybdenum b. Aluminium c. Silver d. Lead

Answer 28

d. Lead

Question 29

31. Where is a grid located? a. between the patient and the cassette b. between the patient and the x-ray tube c. above the x-ray tube d. under the cassette

Answer 29

a. between the patient and the cassette

Question 30

32. To prevent magnification and distortion of the object being radiographed, the patient must … a. be as parallel to the film as possible b. be as close to the film as possible c. be as close to the x-ray tube as possible d. both a and b are correct

Answer 30

d. both a and b are correct

Question 31

33. When viewing a radiograph over laterally positioned animal a. the head should be at the top of the viewbox /display b. the head should face the viewer’s left with this spine at the top c. they had shoot face with the viewer’s right with the spine at the top d. the head should face the viewer’s left with the spine at the bottom

Answer 31

b. the head should face the viewer’s left with this spine at the top

Question 32

``` 34. Any body part exceeding this measurement requires the use of a grid to reduce fog producing scatter radiation a. 20 cm b. 10 cm c. 2.5 cm d. 30 cm ```

Answer 32

b. 10 cm

Question 33

35. Which statement is false? a. The use of grid is recommended over 10 cm object diameter. b. Using a grid, the dose of the radiation should be reduced c. The grid filters the scatter radiation d. The grid contains small lead strips standing vertically or in an angle facing toward the x-ray tube.

Answer 33

b. Using a grid, the dose of the radiation should be reduced

Question 34

36. Which statement is false? The scattered beam a. is negligible concerning radiation safety of the staff b. originates mostly from the patient’s body c. is disadvantageous concerning the quality of the radiograph d. is less intense than the primary beam

Answer 34

a. is negligible concerning radiation safety of the staff

Question 35

37. Which statement is false? The x-ray beam is a. invisible b. makes chemical changes in photoemulsions c. produces light flash in fluorescent materials d. penetrates bodies without losing energy

Answer 35

d. penetrates bodies without losing energy

Question 36

38. Which one does not belong to the basic radiographic opacities a. metal b. wood c. stone d. gas

Answer 36

b. wood

Question 37

39. With the use of a grid we can a. reduce the radiation exposure b. improve the image contrast c. improve the image sharpness d. reduce the exposure time

Answer 37

b. improve the image contrast

Question 38

40. Which statement is incorrect? The x-ray (is)... a. ionizing radiation. b. electromagnetic radiation. c. travels at the speed of light. d. consists of charged particles.

Answer 38

d. consists of charged particles.

Question 39

41. What is not a normal component in the digital radiographic technology? a. x-ray tube b. intensifying screen c. grid d. collimator

Answer 39

b. intensifying screen

Question 40

42. The attenuation of the X-ray beam does not depend on which parameter? a. atomic number b. object thickness c. physical density d. optical density

Answer 40

d. optical density

Question 41

43. Which components are different in conventional and digital radiography? a. x-ray tube b. generator c. grid d. detector

Answer 41

d. detector

Question 42

44. What is the main source of the radiation exposure of the personnel ? a. leaking radiation from the x-ray tube b. the primary beam c. the secondary beam originating from the patient d. none of them

Answer 42

c. the secondary beam originating from the patient

Question 43

45. Which statement is false ? a. bones are more radiolucent than metals b. fat is more radiopaque than fluids c. gas is more radiolucent than fat d. fluids and soft tissues have the same opacity

Answer 43

b. fat is more radiopaque than fluids

Question 44

48. The cause of an unsharp x-ray image cannot be : a. motion b. increased distance between the object and the detector c. low kV d. high mAs

Answer 44

b. increased distance between the object and the detector

Question 45

49. Which statement is true regarding the radiographic image? a. The distortion is less on the periphery. b. Distortion can be prevented by centralization. c. Objects look smaller on radiograph then their real size. d. Unsharpness may come only from motion.

Answer 45

. b. Distortion can be prevented by centralization.

Question 46

50. Which statement is true? a. Image acquisition is faster in CR, than in DR systems b. CR systems are cheaper, than DR systems c. In the DR systems the cassette contains a PSP plate d. A reader or scanner is a normal component of a DR system

Answer 46

b. CR systems are cheaper, than DR systems

Question 47

52. Which exposure facture could be used in small animal radiography ? a. 8 mAs b. 100 mAs c. 0,8 mAs d. 800 mAs

Answer 47

a. 8 mAs

Question 48

53. Which statement is false? a. The mAs describes the number of x-ray photons . b. Higher capacity generators are required to produce longer exposure time . c. The contrast of the image is mainly based on the mAs. d. Scatter radiation is mainly based on mAs .

Answer 48

d. Scatter radiation is mainly based on mAs .

Question 49

54. Which statement is false? In case of a chest radiograph a. Longer exposure time is recommended b. Smaller exposure values are needed compared to and abdominal radiograph of the same diameter c. The contrast will be higher compared to the abdomen d. Motion unsharpness is a common problem

Answer 49

b. Smaller exposure values are needed compared to and abdominal radiograph of the same diameter

Question 50

55. Which exposure factors cause same blackening on the detector than 60kV/8mAs? a. 70 kV/ 16 mAs b. 50 kV/ 20 mAs c. 80 kV/ 2 mAs d. 40 kV/ 10 mAs

Answer 50

d. 40 kV/ 10 mAs

Question 51

56. Which of the following is not an image parameter ? a. density b. sharpness c. magnification d. contrast

Answer 51

c. magnification

Question 52

57. Which statement is true ? a. the overexposed digital image will be too bright. b. the overexposed analog image will be too dark. c. the underexposed analog image will be too dark. d. the under exposed digital image will be too bright.

Answer 52

b. the overexposed analog image will be too dark.

Question 53

58. Which statement is false ? a. in case of wrong exposure factors the digital image will be motten. b. The S-value informs you about the exposure . c. The image can be motten both in over- and underexposed cases d. Digital systems require much higher doses than analog systems .

Answer 53

d. Digital systems require much higher doses than analog systems .

Question 54

61. Which statement is true ? a. You don't have to use grid for the chest . b. You don't have to use grid about 10 centimeter object thickness . c. The use of the grid is often not required in digital systems . d. The create improves the image sharpness

Answer 54

b. You don't have to use grid about 10 centimeter object thickness .

Question 55

62. The opacity of which organ differs from the others ? a. Urinary bladder b. Gallbladder c. Trachea. d. Heart

Answer 55

c. Trachea

Question 56

64. One of the following is NOT a form of protection against ionizing radiation a. distance b. shielding c. dose equivalent d. time

Answer 56

d. time

Question 57

65. A personal dose meter is a. worn on the outer side of protective clothing b. is obligatory for everybody c. indicates overexposure with light and sound signal d. records the effective dose

Answer 57

d. records the effective dose

Question 58

66. The X-ray beam does NOT a. cause radioactivity b. ionize matter c. travel at the speed of light d. require electric current to generate

Answer 58

a. cause radioactivity

Question 59

67. In veterinary diagnostic radiology adverse may include a. stochastic effects b. deterministic effects c. radiation sickness d. none

Answer 59

a. stochastic effects

Question 60

68. An especially sensitive tissue type for ionizing radiation is a. the skin b. the bone marrow c. the nervous sytem d. none

Answer 60

b. the bone marrow

Question 61

69. In case of deterministic effects a. severity is proportionate to dose b. there is no threshold c. the typical unit of measure is Sievert d. the most common result is a malignant tumour

Answer 61

a. severity is proportionate to dose

Question 62

70. It is officially safe to put a hand in the primary X-ray beam with a. lead gloves on b. with nothing on c. with a double layer of protective lead on d. none of the above

Answer 62

d. none of the above

Question 63

71. Radon a. is incorporated after inhalation b. is released from industrial fallout c. is generated by X-ray d. is absent in Europe

Answer 63

b. is released from industrial fallout

Question 64

72. X-ray photons in the body normally are NOT a. absorbed b. reflected c. scattered d. transmitted

Answer 64

d. transmitted

Question 65

77. Why can be a structure more radiopaque than the other? a. It has the same diameter, but it consists of elements of lower atomic numbers b. it has the same material. but it's thinner c. it consists of elements of higher atomic number and has the same diameter d. it consists of elements of smaller atomic number and it is thinner

Answer 65

c. it consists of elements of higher atomic number and has the same diameter

Question 66

80. Which statement is false? a. The canine tooth is located rostral to the tympanic bulla. b. The patella is located cranial to the fabella. c. The sternum is located ventral to the heart. d. The olecranon is located dorsal to the carpus

Answer 66

d. The olecranon is located dorsal to the carpus

Question 67

81. What if the object is not in the center of the detector plate? a. The resulting image will be enlarged. b. The resulting image will be distorted. c. The resulting image will be unsharp. d. The resulting image will be overexposed.

Answer 67

b. The resulting image will be distorted.

Question 68

84. Which statement is true? a. You can't reach into the primary beam even with lead gloves on. b. The land club protects from the primary beam. c. If you don't see the bones of your gloved hand on the radiograph, then no radiation was exposed to your hand. d. Only pregnant women can't reach into the primary beam.

Answer 68

a. You can't reach into the primary beam even with lead gloves on.

Question 69

85. What does “acquisition” mean in digital imaging? a. The clouding of electrons around the cathode spiral. b. The scatter of primary beams around the animal’s body. c. The creation of picture from the electric sign. d. The equilibrium of exposure factors to optimize the image quality.

Answer 69

c. The creation of picture from the electric sign.

Question 70

86. What is not true for DICOM files? a. They can be inspected with commercial image viewer programs b. Contain images of TIFF format. c. The x-ray images have a size of 10-30 megabytes. d. They contain metadata besides the image.

Answer 70

a. They can be inspected with commercial image viewer programs

Question 71

87. Which statement is incorrect. Compared to the JPEG image is the DICOM fires are a. less appropriate for diagnostics. b. bigger. c. preferred more by the owner. d. cannot be inspected with a medical image viewer program.

Answer 71

c. preferred more by the owner.

Question 72

A rarely performed contrast study in small animal radiology a. thoracic cavity infusion b. lacrimal duct contrast study c. laryngeal contrast instillation d. none of the above

Answer 72

b. lacrimal duct contrast study

Question 73

Myelography is primarily used to diagnose a. spinal cord bleeding b. spinal cord compression c. spinal cord necrosis d. brain circularoty disorders

Answer 73

b. spinal cord compression

Question 74

In myelography, a contrast agent is injected into the following space: a. epidural b. subdural c. subarachnoid d. spinal

Answer 74

c. subarachnoid

Question 75

In the study of megaesophagus one of the following methods is NOT used a. survey radiographs b. barium sulfate paste swallow c. carbon-dioxide inflation d. feeding barium sulfate mixed with pet food

Answer 75

c. carbon-dioxide inflation

Question 76

``` When is liquid barium sulfate entirely emptied from the stomach following per os administration in a healthy dog? a. after 1 hour b. after 4 hours c. after 12 hours d. after 24 hours ```

Answer 76

b. after 4 hours

Question 77

Which one of the following retrograde contrast studies is NOT performed in dogs? a. positive contrast cystography b. negative contrast cystography c. positive contrast urethrography d. negative contrast urethrography

Answer 77

d. negative contrast urethrography

Question 78

Which statement is false regarding the radiography of intestinal obstructions? a. the obturating object and the distended proximal intestinal loops may be seen on the radiograph at the same time b. the obturating object may be seen without secondary X-ray signs on the radiograph c. in certain cases the radiographic finding may be unremarkable d. contrast study is used in every case to make the diagnosis of intestinal obstruction

Answer 78

d. contrast study is used in every case to make the diagnosis of intestinal obstruction

Question 79

Which statement is not true? In Carnivores the homogenous abdomen... a. may suggest abdominal effusion b. is normal in young animals c. is normal in cachectic animals d. is normal in obese patients

Answer 79

b. is normal in young animals

Question 80

What contrast medium would you choose for double contrast cystography? a. iodinated contrast and barium sulfate b. air and barium sulfate c. iodinated contrast and air d. air only

Answer 80

c. iodinated contrast and air

Question 81

Which statement is true? In case of an intestinal obstruction a. the use of barium sulfate is contraindicated b. unevenly the standard intestinal loops are always visible c. the radiograph can be completely normal d. the gas filled stomach is pathognostic

Answer 81

b. unevenly the standard intestinal loops are always visible

Question 82

Which contrast can be used to examine the urethra? a. Liquid BaSO4 b. powder BaSO4 c. organic iodine compound d. inorganic iodine compound

Answer 82

c. organic iodine compound

Question 83

Which of the above organs can be generally seen on a survey radiograph? a. pancreas b. ovars c. adrenals d. aorta

Answer 83

d. aorta

Question 84

The best method to detect the rupture of the ureters is a. double contrast cystography b. excretory urography c. excretory urethrography d. retrograde urethrography

Answer 84

b. excretory urography

Question 85

Which statement is true? In small animals ... a. every uroliths are visible on the survey radiograph b. Urethrography is recommended to confirm cystolithiasis c. Ectopic ureters can be detected by intravenous urography. d. The best method to confirm urinary bladder rupture is

Answer 85

c. Ectopic ureters can be detected by intravenous urography.

Question 86

``` negative contrast cystography . Negative bronchogram is typical in which pulmonary pattern? a. nodular pattern b. alveolar pattern c. bronchial pattern d. interstitial pattern ```

Answer 86

b. alveolar pattern

Question 87

Which contrast medium can be used in case of a suspected esophageal perforation? a. Liquid BaSO4 b. liquid BaSO4 and canned food c. organic iodine compound d. inorganic iodine compound l

Answer 87

c. organic iodine compound

Question 88

In case of a tracheal hypoplasia the diameter of the trachea is less than a. the 1/3 of the length of the third rib b. the 20% of the thoracic inlet c. the double of the length of the second lumbar vertebra d. one intercostal space

Answer 88

b. the 20% of the thoracic inlet

Question 89

Which of the following is typical for tracheal hypoplasia? a. the entire trachea is narrower than normal b. the trachea is narrowed in the thoracic inlet c. the respiratory phase has an influence on the diameter of the trachea d. the narrow portion is generally located inside the chest

Answer 89

a. the entire trachea is narrower than normal

Question 90

In which condition can we see the tracheal wall separated from the neighboring tissues? a. pneumothorax b. pleural effusion c. pneumomediastinum d. negative bronchogram

Answer 90

c. pneumomediastinum

Question 91

Which statement is true for the feline esophagus? a. The caudal 1/3 on the survey radiograph shows herring bone pattern. b. The cranial 1/3 on the contrast radiograph shows herring bone pattern. c. The cranial 1/3 on the survey radiograph shows herring bone pattern. d. The caudal 1/3 on the contrast radiograph shows herring bone pattern.

Answer 91

d. The caudal 1/3 on the contrast radiograph shows herring bone pattern.

Question 92

What is the basic structure of the pulmonary pattern? a. Bronchi b. Pulmonary vessels c. Alveoli d. None of them

Answer 92

b. Pulmonary vessels

Question 93

A Vertebral Heart Scale a. describes the length of the vertebrae b. describes the size of the heart c. can be measured on the VD thoracic radiograph d. can be measured on the LL lumbar spine radiograph

Answer 93

b. describes the size of the heart

Question 94

Which statement is not true for the tracheal collapse? a. Its radiographic appearance is influenced by the respiratory phase. b. The entire trachea is affected. c. Its cause is the softening of the tracheal C-cartilage. d. Toy breeds are affected.

Answer 94

b. The entire trachea is affected.

Question 95

Which statement is true? On a lateral chest radiograph... a. the left ventricle is located cranioventrally. b. the left atrium is located caudodorsally c. the right ventricle is located craniodorsally d. the right atrium is located caudoventrally

Answer 95

b. the left atrium is located caudodorsally

Question 96

Which statement is false? In case of thoracic effusion a. the opacity of the thorax is increased. b. the outline of the organs gets sharper. c. diaphragmatic hernia sometimes cannot be ruled out. d. type of the fluid cannot be determined.

Answer 96

c. diaphragmatic hernia sometimes cannot be ruled out.

Question 97

What contrast medium would you use to demonstrate vascular strangulation of the esophagus? a. barium-sulfate b. inorganic iodine compound c. air d. The use of contrast medium is contraindicated

Answer 97

a. barium-sulfate

Question 98

Which one is not a pulmonary pattern? a. Alveolar b. Fibrous c. Interstitial d. Bronchial

Answer 98

b. Fibrous

Question 99

The tracheal hypoplasia is common in which breed? a. Dachshund b. English bulldog c. German shepherd d. Irish setter

Answer 99

b. English bulldog

Question 100

Which contrast medium can be used for the non-perforated esophagus? a. barium-sulfate suspension b. organic iodine c. both d. none of them

Answer 100

c. both

Question 101

Which statement is false? When obtaining radiographs of fractures, it is important… a. to take orthogonal projections. b. to have the neighboring joints in the picture too. c. in case of uncertainty take x-ray of the contralateral limb too. d. always take radiograph of the thorax too.

Answer 101

d. always take radiograph of the thorax too.

Question 102

Which statement is correct? In mature healthy carnivores… a. the cortical layer of the long bones is radiolucent b. the growth plate is radiolucent c. the periosteum is not visible in the radiographs d. the endosteum is visible on the radiographs

Answer 102

c. the periosteum is not visible in the radiographs

Question 103

What is the normal anatomy of the long bones? a. epiphysis – metaphysis – diaphysis – metaphysis – epiphysis b. metaphysis – diaphysis – epiphysis – diaphysis – metaphysis c. diaphysis - epiphysis - metaphysis - epiphysis – diaphysis d. metaphysis - epiphysis - diaphysis - epiphysis – metaphysis

Answer 103

a. epiphysis – metaphysis – diaphysis – metaphysis – epiphysis

Question 104

Which part of long bones is radiolucent? a. cortex b. subchondral bone c. growth plate in young animals d. growth plate in adults

Answer 104

c. growth plate in young animals

Question 105

Sunburst-like periosteal reaction is typical for which disorder? a. malignant bone tumors b. bone cyst c. osteochondrosis dissecans d. benign bone tumors

Answer 105

a. malignant bone tumors

Question 106

Which statement is true? a. The joint capsule is visible in the radiograph. b. The subchondral bone is not visible in the radiograph. c. The joint cartilage is not visible in the radiograph. d. Joint ligaments are visible in the radiograph

Answer 106

c. The joint cartilage is not visible in the radiograph.