Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1

Side effects of quinidine in the horse

Answer 1

Colic
Laminitis
Tachycardia
Can cause tdp in general

Question 2

Most common clinical sign in cow with AF

Answer 2

GI disease

Question 3

PDE 3 mech

Answer 3

Increase cAMP

Question 4

PDE5 mech

Answer 4

Increase cGMP

Question 5

What is an Austin flint murmur

Answer 5

AI causing flutter of the mitral valve - middiastolic or presystolic

Question 6

Quest study- what does not have neg hazards ratio?

Answer 6

Associated with longer survival:
Pimobendan
Ckcs
Low furosemide
Lower vhs
Lower la/ao
Lower lvid
Higher creatinine

Question 7

Side effect of spironolactone cats

Answer 7

Facial pruritis

Question 8

What increases digoxin levels

Answer 8

Hypokalemia
Azotemia

Other choices were:
Amiodarone
Hypercalcemia

Question 9

Effect of hyperkalemia on cell

Answer 9

Hypopolarized membrane

Question 10

What cause low O2 saturation?

Answer 10

Options included
Exercise
Hypoxia
Polycythemia

Hypoxia?

Question 11

What does the c wave coordinate with?

Answer 11

Closure of av valves

Question 12

What arrhythmia to give unsynchronized cardioversion for?

Answer 12

VF?

Question 13

What species are right coronary dominant?

Answer 13

Humans
Pigs
Horses

Question 14

What species are left coronary dominant?

Answer 14

Dog
Cat
Ruminant

Question 15

Most common bypass tract in dog

Answer 15

Right posteroseptal
Retrograde
Unidirectional

Question 16

B1>a>B2

Answer 16

Norepinephrine

Question 17

B1>B2>a

Answer 17

Dobutamine

Question 18

B1=B2>a

Answer 18

Epinephrine

Question 19

Most common heart disease in ferrets

Answer 19

Aortic regurgitation >MR

Question 20

Most common cardiomyopathy in ferrets

Answer 20

DCM

Question 21

Surgery of choose for ToF

Answer 21

Modified blalock taussig

Question 22

What is modified blalock taussig

Answer 22

Graft to connect L subclavian to aorta or pa

Question 23

What is blalock taussig

Answer 23

L subclavian to PA by anastomosing vessels

Question 24

What is Potts

Answer 24

Anastomoses btwn PA and desending AO

Question 25

What is waterson

Answer 25

Anastomoses btwn rPA and ascending ao

Question 26

Most common valve regurg in horses

Answer 26

AI

Question 27

Best ACEi in horses

Answer 27

Benazepril

Question 28

Best treatment for GS inherited arrhythmias

Answer 28

Mexiletine and sotalol together

Question 29

Most common iguana heart prob

Answer 29

Valve regurg and mineralization of great vessels

Question 30

Case of smoke in LA

Answer 30

Plasma protein interactions

Question 31

Embryologist origin of CTS

Answer 31

Stenotic connection of pulmonary veins to LA

Question 32

Embryonic origin of CTD

Answer 32

Persistence of the right sinus valve

Question 33

Which beta blocker metabolized in the liver?

Answer 33

Propranolol>metoprolol

Question 34

Which beta blocker crosses bbb

Answer 34

Propranolol

Question 35

Chem changes with hyperaldosteronism

Answer 35

Low renin Low K High renal K excretion

Question 36

Protect study- survival times

Answer 36

Median time to CHF/SCD 9 months longer in dobies with pimo

Question 37

Quest

Answer 37

Better hr | Low creatinine

Question 38

Cause of inherited arrhythmias in gsd

Answer 38

Abnormal serca | Predisposed to eads and dads

Question 39

Mech of ventriculophasic SA

Answer 39

1. Storm of baroreceptors from increased arterial pressure causes increased vagal tone. 2. Increased blood flow to sinus node diffuses metabolites and slows next discharge. 3. Inhibition of bainbridge reflex

Question 40

Concealed conduction

Answer 40

Incomplete cardiac impulse conduction through specialized conduction tissue. This shows effects on next p-QRS-t, and may lead to conduction delay, Avb, conduction enhancement, etc.

Question 41

How does a VVI pacemaker set at 90 bpm with a refractory period of 320 ms respond to a premature ventricular complex occurring at 250 ms after the last paced beat?

Answer 41

It would be sensed in the refractory period but would not reset timing cycles.

Question 42

What is noise reversion?

Answer 42

Inappropriate asynchronous pacing. The pacemaker is switched to a synchronous pacing with repetitive refractory sensing. This is to protect against noise being mistaken for cardiac events with the consequence of inhibition of pacing

Question 43

Two ways to fix noise reversion

Answer 43

One. Shorten refractory. | Two. Decrease the sensitivity.

Question 44

Why does Treppe effect go away with Heart failure

Answer 44

Decreased serca with heart failure, means decreased ca uptake

Question 45

When is renin released?

Answer 45

Hypovolemia Hyponatremia Diuretics Circulating catecholamines

Question 46

Best treatment for WPW

Answer 46

Procainamide

Question 47

4 causes of acquired pulmonary artery stenosis

Answer 47

Chronic ps developing into peripheral PS 2. Neoplasia 3. Ligation of PA during PDA ligation 4. Hematoma

Question 48

What enzyme causes cardiac cachexia

Answer 48

Angiotensin 2 and aldosterone

Question 49

What causes inotropic effects

Answer 49

Forskolin

Question 50

What is branhams sign?

Answer 50

Decrease in heart rate with increase in diastolic BP, as seen during pda ligation.

Question 51

List 10 Minor criteria for endocarditis

Answer 51

Fever Medium to large breed dog Subaortic stenosis Vascular phenomena such as arterial emboli Immuno logical phenomenon such as polyarthritis Bartonella serology greater than one to 1024 Positive blood cultures not meeting major criteria New or worse heart murmur Chronic catheter Immunocompromise Predisposing heart conditions Repeated non-sterile drug in ministration Echo consistent with IE

Question 52

3 endothelin-1 functions

Answer 52

Vasoconstriction Increased collagen synthesis Sm muscle proliferation Vascular remodeling

Question 53

3 endothelium antagonists for pht

Answer 53

Bosentan Ambrisentan Macitentan

Question 54

Prostacyclin functions

Answer 54

Vasodilation | Inhibits sm muscle proliferation

Question 55

3 prostacyclin analogs

Answer 55

Iloprost Beraprost Epoprostenol

Question 56

PDE5 inhibitors

Answer 56

Sildenafil | Taladafil

Question 57

Serotonin affects what cell type in valve?

Answer 57

VIC to myofibroblast

Question 58

What high serotonin syndrome looks similar to DMVD?

Answer 58

Carcinoid syndrome, but this affects tricuspid more than mitral

Question 59

What cell type decreases with DMVD?

Answer 59

VEC

Question 60

What happens to atrialis layer with DMVD?

Answer 60

Increased ECM

Question 61

What happens to fibrosa?

Answer 61

Disorganized collagen

Question 62

What happens to spongiosa?

Answer 62

Most affected layer- disorganized and more gags/proteoglycans.