Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

PCE STUDY > Multisystems > Flashcards

Multisystems Flashcards

1
Q

What is hemophilia

A

A bleeding disorder in which a person’s blood does not clot normally leading to delays in coagulation after an injury

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the most common manifestation of hemophilia

A

Hemarthrosis
Which is bleeding into the joint space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is obesity and how is it diagnosed?

A

excess body fat that may impair health

BMI = kg (mass) / m2 (height)
*does not take into account body comp

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the main values for BMI?

A

very severely underweight <15
Normal 18.5-25
Overweight 25-30
Obese >30

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the etiology of obesity?

A

Diet
Sedentary lifestyle - burning and not enough muscle mass
Medications
Genetics
Secondary to other illness (hypothyroidism)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the associated health problems of obesity?

A

Cancers
CVD
gall bladder dysfunction
metabolic syndrome
obstructive sleep apnea
OA
type II DM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are some bariatric considerations?

A

Bariatric equipment
care environment
patient, family, caregiver training
physical assistance
ulceration risk
overheating

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are some obesity interventions?

A

Lifestyle modification
Diet
exercise
bariatric surgery
pharmacological management

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the exercise parameters?

A

F = >5 days/ week
I - moderate (40-60% HRR) to vigourous (50-75% HRR)
T - 30-60 minutes
T - aerobic, large muscle groups - consider overheating and impact on joints

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is HIV?

A

A virus attacks the immune system, specifically T cells with CD4 receptors - progressively weakens the host systems
increases susceptibility to opportunistic infections and cancers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the mode of transmission for HIV? Including body fluids not infectious

A

unprotected sex
shared needles or equipment
mother to child (in utero, during birth, breast milk)
occupational exposure
blood and blood products

feces, urine, salvia, sweat and tears

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the universal precautions for HIV?

A

Use for all patients with risk of blood exposure - do not use unnecessary precautions
use gloves (and change) may come in contact with blood, body fluids, mucous membranes, non-intact skin
use mask and eye protection for droplets of blood or other body fluids
use gown with splashes of blood or other body fluids
refrain from direct patient care if you have open wound or skin lesions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How do you diagnose HIV

A

blood antibody tests - ELISA or western blot test
CD4 test (normal 500-1500)
Viral load test - 50-500,000/mL

*6- 12 weeks to be detectable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is AIDS?

A

advanced HIV progression

CD4 count <200 and 1 or more of 26 indicators

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the medical management of HIV?

A

HAART - highly active antiretrociral therapy

-interferes with virus life cycle
-decreases viral load
-preserves CD4 count

*needs high compliance - lifetime commitment or else drug resistance forms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the side effects to HAART?

A

mitochondrial toxicity
-redistribution of fat store to abdomen, posterior cervical spine (buffalo hump) or viscera
-increase risk of CVD
-increase risk of acue pancreatitis
mitochondrial myopathy
cardiomyopathy
hepatic steatosis (fatty liver)
peripheral neuropahty - distal to proximal, symmetrical
hyperlacatemia
cytopenia

skin rash

GI - diarrhea, nausea, abdominal pain

Dyslipidemia

osteopenia / OP

osteonecrosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the PT management for HIV?

A

education - energy conservation, expectations, pain
symptoms management
management secondary complications - deconditioning, weakness, fatigue
exercise prescription - rom, aerobic, resistance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is fibromyalgia syndrome? Including epidemiology and etiology

A

A syndrome characterized by widespread chronic pain and increased pain response to pressure with no other cause

F>M, onset during reproductive years

Unknown, genetic and environmental factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the S + S of fibromyalgia?

A

Chronic widespread pain
allodynia
headache
fatigue
sleep disturbances
cognitive dysfunction “fibro fog”
anxiety and/or depression
IBS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How do you diagnose fibromyalgia?

A

through exclusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the ACR 1990 diagnosis criteria for fibromyalgia?

A

widespread chronic pain >3 months affected all 4 quadrants

occiput
low cx (anterior)
trapezius
supraspinatus
2nd rib
lat epicondyle
gluteal
greater trochanter
knee (medial)
*doesn’t go below knee

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the 2010 ACR revised diagnosis for fibromyalgia?

A

widespread pain index and symptoms severity scare instead of tender points

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the interventions for fibromyalgia?

A

medical - analgesics (nsaids, opiods), antidepressants, anticonvulsants

PT - education ,CBT, exercise, sleep hygiene
*active treatment as much as possible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is lymphedema?

A

Abnormal accumulation of lymph fluid in tissue sapce

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What is the job of the lymphatic system?
Collect and transport fluid from interstitial space back into venous circulation also involved with immune function
26
What are the types of lymphedema?
Primary - congenital and insufficient develop Secondary - surgical dissection of lymph nodes, inflammation and infection, obstruction or fibrosis, chronic venous insufficiency
27
What is dependent edema?
in the line of gravity (below the level of the heart) - fluid moves downward
28
What are the qualitative observations of edema?
Pitting, brawny and weeping
29
What are the S + S of lymphedema?
Increase size of limb sensory disturbances decrease ROM skin changes (fibrosis / brownish pigment)
30
What are the interventions for lymphedema?
Manual lymphatic drainage compression - low stretch / compression garments elevation exercise - arom, stretching, low intensity resistance, low intensity CV/ pulmonary endurance skin and nail care
31
What are the two phases for complex decongestive therapy program
Phase I -manual lymphatic drainage -compression - low stretch -exercise -skin and nail Phase II -self manual lymphatic drainage -compression - compression garment during day, low stretch at night -exercise -skin and nail care
32
What is the etiology of breast cancer related lymphatic dysfunction?
-surgical - mastectomy, breast conserving (lumpectomy, segmental mastectomy) -radiation
33
What are impairments and complications related to breast cancer treatment?
Postop pain - incisional, post cervical and shld girdle apin post op complications - DVT, pneumonia, atelectasis Lymphedema chest wall adhesions decrease shld mobility weakness of involved UE postural malalignment fatigue and decreased endurance
34
What are some interventions for breast cancer related lymphedema
complex decongestive therapy postural education shoulder and UE ROM and strengthening- avoid excess tension on incision or blanching of scar during shld ROM, avoid exercises of arms in dependent position, progress graded exercise program slowly gentle massage of scar and adhesions aerobic exercise and functional activities
35
What may pregnancy related back pain be due to?
postural changes hormonal influences (up to 3 to 5 months postpartum) increased ligament laxity decreased abdominal muscle function
36
What are the characteristics of pregnancy related back pain?
worse with muscle fatigue (static postures or as day progresses) relieved with rest or change of position physically fit women have less
37
What are the postural changes associated with pregnancy?
COG shifts upwards and forwards due to enlargement of breasts and uterus (also get widened BOS and ext rot at hip) increase lx and cx lordosis increased APT scapular protraction and UE IR SOM tightness genu recurvatum at knees (bc of lx lordosis and ant belly - reestablish Cog)
38
What are the interventions for pregnancy related back pain?
traditional LB exercises proper body mechanics posture instructions
39
What are sleeping positions for pregnancy related back pain?
supine - with pillow to tilt R side (offload vena cava) and under back (offload LB) L side lying (bc of vena cava) and pillows between knees - prevent rot at Lx
40
What are the precautions and C/I for pregnancy related back pain modalities?
precautions -heat -laser (local) C/I -deep heating agents -electrical stim (local) -traction -US (local)
41
What is diastasis recti?
separation of rectus abdominis muscles at the linea alba (midline) - larger than two fingers width commonly seen in childbearing women (less common if good ab tone)
42
What is the etiology of diastasis recti?
unknown may be as a result of hormonal effect on connective tissue and biomechanical changes may develop during labour
43
What are the S + S of diastasis recti?
LBP decreased functional activiity herniation
44
What do you do for examination for diastasis recti?
all preg patients - repeated throughout pregnancy 0-3 day post delivery - not valid procedure - crook ly - raise head and shld off floot, reaching towards knees - fingers horziontally across midline of the abs at the umbilicus - repeated above and below Positive - fingers sink into gap between rectus muscle - number is documented
45
What are the interventions for diastasis recti?
Separation <2cm only head lift head lift with pelvic tilt (diastasis recti corrective exercises) TA activation without breath holding Once corrected can advance abs exercsies Head lift -crook ly - hands crossed over midline - exhale and ilft head while approximate the rectus muscles, lower head -sheet can be used -used in combo with PPT
46
What are the classifications for pelvic floor dysfuncion?
prolapse urinary or fecal incontinence pain and hypertonus
47
What is the risk factors for pelvic floor dysfunction?
Child birth >30 multiple deliveries forced pushing use of forceps vacuum extraciton oxytocin perineal tears birth weight >8 Ibs other excessive straining chronic constipation obesity chronic cough smoking hysterectomy
48
What are the intervention for pelvic floor dysfunction?
patient education NM re-ed pelvic floor exercises biofeedback manual treatment and modalities (intravaginal / rectal techniques)
49
Who most commonly gets amputations and why?
M>F -PVD and trauma
50
What is the etiology of amputation?
PVD - diabetes, arteriosclerosis, and embolism Trauma Malignancy Infection Congenital deficiency
51
What is the #1 predictor of ambulation in amputees?
Prev amp function
52
What are the common levels of amputations in LE?
See chart
53
What are the advantages and disadvantages of transtibial amp?
advantage -greater pot for ambulation -decrease energy expenditure disadvantage -not a weightbearing end (on patellar tendon) -bony prominences are at increased risk for skin breakdown
54
What are the advantages and disadvantages of transfemoral amp?
advantage -greater healing in vascular amps disadvantage -not a weight bearing end -lower potential for ambulation -increased energy expenditure -external knee control
55
What is a rotational plasty?
treat bone tumours remove leg and rotated and reattach ankle is the knee joint DF = knee flexion, PF = knee extension
56
What are the post surgical dressings for amps
rigid - non-removal, removable semi-rigid - unna's paste, PPAM soft - elastic wraps, elastic shrinkers
57
What are the goals of post-surgical dressings?
control edema prevent infection protect limb from external trauma shape residuum in preparation for prosthesis
58
What are the advantages and disadvantages of rigid dressings?
adv excellent for edema control, pain, protection, enhances healing, prevent knee flexion contracture dis cannot inspect incision with IPOP more expensive
59
How long does IPOP stay on for?
10-14 days
60
What are the advantages and disadvantages of Unna's paste
adv good edema control can remove and reapply easily to inspect incision superior to soft dressing in enhancing healing dis may loosen frequent changing takes time to dry
61
What are the advantages and disadvantages of elastic wraps?
adv can remove and reapply easily inexpensive dis poor edema control minimal protection requires frequent rewrapping movement of residuum will cause slippage and change in pressure and pressure distribution
62
What are the advantages and disadvantages of elastic shrinkers?
adv easy to apply inexpensive good edema control and stump shaping dis requires changing of size as residuum shrinks not used until incision has healed and sutures have been removed
63
What are the phases of care for amputees?
Post surgical Preprosthetic Prosthetic
64
What are common contractures for TT and TF amp
TT - knee, hip flexion TF - hip flexion, abd, ER
65
Which leg do you lead with for amputations?
unamputated leg
66
Can you do resisted exercises in post surgical phase of amp
No -
67
What are the normal and abnormal shapes of the stumo?
Normal : cylindrical, conical, bulbous Abnormal: dog ears, skin folds, edematous
68
What causes prosthogenic pain?
abnormal fit of prosthesis
69
What is the most effective method of stretching to prevent contractures?
pnf
70
What are the key muscles for ambulations for a prosthetic?
TT - hip extensors, add, abs TF - hip extensors, abd, add, knee flex, knee ext
71
What don't you do with avascular amputee during balance
shoes off
72
What are the pressure sensitive structures and pressure tolerant structures
sensitive end of bone cut bony prominences nerve or neuromas cord like tendons NWB bone surfaces tolerant flat bone surfaces flat tendon normal WB surfaces muscle fat
73
How do you donn a prosthesis?
roll iner over wear socks as needed fit prosthetic leg stand on prosthesis and bear weight continue to until locked (extend knee for TT)
74
What are common gait deviations for amputees?
too big - pistoning no PF - circumduct, valut to clear foot
75
What are the 7 broad categories of cancer?
Carcinoma Sarcoma Leukemia Lymphoma Myeloma Melanoma Glioma
76
What are the red flag characteristics of cancer?
pain worsens at night constant unrelenting pain unexplained weight loss loss of appetite unusual lumps or growths unwarranted fatigue bone pain that is worse at night
77
What are the side effects of chemotherapy? And why do they happen
fatigue, neuropathies, chemo brain (cognitive deficits and memory problems), myelosuppression, dehydration, nausea, vomiting, immunosuppression, skin and nail changes chemo affects other healthy rapidly dividing cells
78
What is chemo?
use of drugs to destory rapidly dividing cells
79
What are the side effects of radiation therapy?
fatigue, myelosuppression, nausea, vomiting, local skin problems (red, irritated swollen, blistered) healthy cells within the area may also be affected
80
What is the medical interventions for cancer?
chemo radiation blood and bone marrow transplantation immunotherapy hormone therapy surgery
81
How do you decrease pain in those with cancer?
TENS (C/I over malignancy) cold pack relaxation therapy gentle movement exercise
82
What are the 5 P's in energy conservation techniques
planning pacing prioritizing positioning proficiency
83
What are the special considerations for treatment of those with cancer?
avoid resistance testing and exercise in patients with bone metastasis due to high risk of pathological fractures avoid manual therapy on or near areas with bone metastasis due to high risk of pathological fractures - be aware there may be bone metastasis in other areas minimize rotation activities in patients with bone metastasis avoid modalities in area of tumour (still used in non-cancer affected areas) check sensation avoid exposure to chlorine, hands on techniques, use of topical ointments or creams over irradiated skin until medically approved alter, adapt or delay treatments if patient's blood counts are too low
84
What is hemophilia? Including epidemiology
a bleeding disorder in which a person's blood does not clot normally leading to delays in coagulation after injury M>F - because x-linked recessive
85
What is the clinical manifestations of hemophilia?
hematoma formation excessive bruising from minor trauma delayed hemorrhage after a minor injury persistent bleeding after cuts hemarthrosis (bleeding into joints) episodes of spontaneous bleeding into joints, muscles and internal organs
86
What is hemarthrosis? including most common joints and S + S
bleeding into joint space - affects synovial joints Knee but also happens at ankle, elbow, hip, shoulder, wrist swelling, pain, warmth, stiffness blood can irritate synovium = synovitis, lead to erosive damage of cartilage
87
What is intramuscular hemorrhage including S +S
bleeding into muscles pain, swelling, limitations of motion, protective spasm, warmth, palpable hematoma, neuro signs (numbness and tingling)
88
What is the medical management of hemophilia?
factor replacement therapy pain meds (no aspirin or ibuprofen) corticosteroids to treat chronic synovitis
89
What is the rehab management for an active bleed in hemophilia?
see chart
90
What is the rehab management for post -bleed in hemophilia?
education isometri s progress strength pain free, through range progressive return to weight bearing proprioception
91
What are rehab considerations for hemophilia?
use of heat is c/i joint manipulation is c/i contact sports are not recommended activities with high risk of falls or serious trauma are not recommended heavy weight lifting and power lifting is not recommended eccentrics (esp heavy) are not recommended

PCE STUDY (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions