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Geography Paper 1 > Mumbai Case Study > Flashcards

Mumbai Case Study Flashcards

1
Q

What is Mumbai’s conurbation population size?

A

22 million people.

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2
Q

Number of times Mumbai’s population has increased by in the last century.

A

Over 12 times.

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3
Q

Population density of Mumbai as a whole.

A

Over 20,000 people per km2.

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4
Q

How many universities are there in Mumbai?

A

10 universities.

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5
Q

What is the average literacy rate in Mumbai?

A

~ 90% - this is higher than the rest of India.

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6
Q

Dharavi is Asia’s ____est slum.

A

Biggest.

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7
Q

Give the population density of Dharavi.

A

Over 1 million people in an area of 1.5km2.
This is over 11 times denser than the rest of Mumbai.

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8
Q

Estimate the worth of Dharavi’s small-scale businesses.

A

£350 millon/year.

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9
Q

Why do some Mumbaikars live in slums?

Give 2 reasons.

Include a statistic.

A

They are much cheaper than surrounding areas - rents can be as low as 200 rupees/month (~£2).
They also can easily and cheaply travel to work.

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10
Q

Give the percentage of Mumbaikars that live in slums.

A

Over 40% (40% in squatter settlements and 20% in chawls)

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11
Q

What percentage of Mumbaikars work in the informal sector?

A

Over 60%.

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12
Q

What percentage of Mumbaikars travel by rail?

A

90%.

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13
Q

Describe Mumbai’s site.

A

Many low-lying islands next to a safe harbour. Tropical climate (with monsoon)

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14
Q

Explain how Mumbai’s situation affected its development.

A

Naturally deep harbour meant big, modern container ships could access it.
It’s now a port and industrial city.

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15
Q

Where is Mumbai located?

A

West coast of India, facing important markets in the Middle East and Europe through the Suez Canal, next to the Arabian Sea.

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16
Q

% of India’s international trade.

A

Mumbai’s docks are the biggest in India - they are responsible for 25% of all India’s international trade.

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17
Q

How is Mumbai regionally important?

A

Good railways connecting the outskirts of Mumbai to the centre.

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18
Q

How is Mumbai nationally important?

A

Well connected through India’s extensive road & rail network, allowing goods from India to be transported there for export.

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19
Q

How is Mumbai globally important?

Include historical importance.

A

Trades with Europe as it is on the west coast of India.
Good air connections with worldwide flights means high levels of tourism.

Historically, Mumbai exported cotton to Britain, and later developed textile factories.

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20
Q

How is Mumbai culturally important?

A

Bollywood film industry is based in Mumbai, thus making Mumbai India’s ‘cultural capital city’.

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21
Q

Name three headquarters that base in Mumbai.

A
  • Walt Disney
  • Microsoft India
  • Cadbury India
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22
Q

Where’s Mumbai’s CBD? Describe what it’s like.

A

Southern tip of the peninsula.
Oldest part of Mumbai.
Housing is very expensive.
Shopping malls.
Port is economically active - slum housing.

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23
Q

Number of people that work at the port and live in slum housing.

A

As many as 25,000 people.

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24
Q

Where are Mumbai’s inner suburbs?
Describe what they’re like.

A

Close to the CBD.
High quality expensive housing.
Lots of slum settlements (e.g. Dharavi).
Buildings were built to house textile workers.

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25
Q

Where are Mumbai’s outer suburbs?
Describe what they’re like.

A

Some suburbs and industries developed near railway lines so commuters could travel into the city each day.
Navi Mumbai developed on the maniland due to overcrowded and insanitary conditions that commuters lived in.

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26
Q

Where’s Mumbai’s rural-urban fringe?
Describe what it’s like.

A

Hard to find as Mumbai is so spread out - it’s become a conurbation.

e.g. Sanjay National Park in the north of Mumbai.

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27
Q

Give two reasons why Mumbai is growing rapidly.

A
  • High rates of natural increase
  • National & international migration
28
Q

Give two push factors that affects Mumbai’s population growth.

A
  • Developments in farming technology mean there are fewer jobs available in the primary industry.
  • There are few jobs in rural India (e.g. basic education & healthcare).
  • Low wages
29
Q

Give two pull factors that affect Mumbai’s population growth.

A
  • Mumbai provides a range of jobs, from low-skilled service jobs & labour to high-skilled service jobs
  • More services in Mumbai (e.g. better educational opportunities and more health care services)
  • Higher wages
30
Q

What position is Mumbai in terms of FDI?

A

Mumbai is the world’s top location for FDI.

31
Q

In what services has investment in Mumbai been greatest in?

A

Services (particularly IT and banking) manufacturing & entertainment.

32
Q

Where are slum settlements commonly found?

A

Slums are often located next to expensive housing.

This is a feature found in megacities of developing & emerging countries but not developed countries.

33
Q

How has Mumbai’s population growth affected its pattern of spatial growth?

A

Informal settlements spread up the peninsula and onto the mainland (outwards) as rural-urban migrants arrive and build on what land is available (less congested).

34
Q

Name four street jobs in Dharavi.

A

Hairdressers, street sellers, cleaners, recycling Mumbai’s waste.

35
Q

What are the opportunities of living in a megacity like Mumbai?

6 example answers, give at least 4.

A
  • Employment – e.g. finance, engineering, IT industries and informal sector employment
  • Education – highest literacy rate in India.
  • Healthcare
  • Wages are higher compared to the countryside.
  • Access to TVs and other infrastructure, even in slums e.g. Dharavi
  • One of the highest rates of recycling in the world through informal slum work
36
Q

What percentage of waste is recycled in Mumbai?

A

80% of Mumbai’s waste is recycled - over 80% of this is done in Dharavi.

37
Q

What has caused the challenges of living in Mumbai? Explain how.

A

Rapidy population growth.
Mumbai’s expansion has been faster than the development of services and infrastructure.

38
Q

Give some challenges of living in a megacity like Mumbai.

8 challenges, give at least 4.

A
  • Traffic congestion
  • Housing shortages
  • Development of squatter settlements & slums
  • Water pollution
  • Air pollution
  • Poor waste disposal services
  • Poor working conditions
  • Limited services
39
Q

Where does a lot of Mumbai’s waste go?

A

Dumped into the Mithi river.

40
Q

Explain why rapid population growth has led to problems with traffic congestion.

A

The vast majority of people commute to work each day using the railway network from across the Mumbai conurbation.
Trains are frequent to cope with the high demand.
Any delay holds up hundreds of thousands of people.
Mumbai’s roads have lots of traffic and are frequently gridlocked.

41
Q

Explain why rapid population growth has led to problems with housing.

Include problems of housing shortages and of poor quality housing.

A

Mumbai is a narrow peninsula, so space is limited.
The city has rapidly spread outwards, however these areas have quickly become congested and also have high population densities (e.g. Navi Mumbai).
This high demand has increased rents to one of the highest in the world.

This has created chawls and squatter settlements.

42
Q

Define chawls.

A

Old, overcrowded flats with shared entrances/stairs that could collapse.

43
Q

Define squatter settlements.

A

Makeshift huts built on other people’s land. The land used is often unsuitable for building.

44
Q

Explain why slums are problematic for other Mumbaikars.

A

The land slums are built on has become progressively more valuable, so owners want to construct new housing there.
The government wants to give better education, health care and employment opportunities for the people in slums.

45
Q

Explain why rapid population growth has led to problems with poor working conditions.

A

Most work is in the informal sector, so there’s no protection for workers.
Rooms where Mumbaikars work are often small, dark and have no ventilation to remove toxic fumes from e.g. recycling dyes & paints.
Pay is low as many people are willing to do any work and there’s no organisations that enforce a minimum wage.

46
Q

Where are the more wealthy residental areas?

A

The southern tip of the peninsula e.g. Malabar Hill.

47
Q

Where are most of Mumbai’s slums & squatter settlements?

A

All of Mumbai, excluding the old city areas & CBD at the southern tip of the peninsula.
Slums are often found near wealthier, higher quality of life areas.

48
Q

Give 3 reasons why there’s a stark difference between the quality of life of Mumbaikars.

A
  • Lack of access to affordable housing - property owners make more money by making expensive flats for richer Mumbaikars.
  • Poor working conditions - the government has poor laws which are often not obeyed.
  • Lack of access to services in poorer areas.
49
Q

Give three ways the government could improve lots of Mumbaikars’ quality of lives.

A
  • Build more affordable housing.
  • Create and enforce new regulations & laws.
  • Incentivise companies to provide services in poorer areas.
50
Q

Give three ways managing Mumbai is politically difficult.

A
  • Politically difficult to move people living in squatter settlements near the city centre/train stations.
  • ‘Super dense’ traffic congestion is politically unpopular.
  • Politically difficult to make more people work in the formal sector and thus pay taxes.
51
Q

Give two ways managing Mumbai is economically difficult.

A
  • Property owners would pay a lot for the land near the city centre/train stations where squatter settlements are currently - expensive to let slums stay.
  • Building new transport infrastructure is expensive.
52
Q

Give two top-down strategies that aimed to make Mumbai more sustainable.

A
  • Gorai Garbage Site Closure
  • Mumbai monorail
53
Q

Give two problems caused by the Gorai Garbage Site.

A
  • Methane was released, which smelt bad.
  • Toxic run-off entered a nearby creek.
54
Q

Give two advantages of the Gorai Garbage Site Closure project.

3 examples.

A
  • Planted with grasses to make a ~ 20 hectare park.
  • Methane-capture technology was installed to generate power from the decomposing waste.
  • The Mumbai government has acess to large funds.
55
Q

Give two disadvantages of the Gorai Garbage Site Closure project.

A
  • Gentrification - property prices have increased, which could force poorer locals out of the area.
  • The site has been polluting Mumbai for decades - action should have been taken earlier.
56
Q

Give two advantages of the Mumbai monorail.

Include 1 statistic.

A
  • Tickets are cheap (11 rupees per person).
  • Decreases traffic congestion by taking passengers (and so cars) off the road.
57
Q

Give two disadvantages of the Mumbai monorail.

Include 1 statistic.

A
  • The route doesn’t go into the old city, so isn’t used by commuters much.
  • Costed over £350 million to construct for something that hasn’t been used much - it’s made of concrete? so has a high carbon footprint.
58
Q

How many people use the Mumbai monorail each day?

A

~ 15,000 people each day (this is mostly tourists).

59
Q

Name three bottom-up strategies to improve Mumbai.

A
  • SPARC toilet blocks
  • Hamara Foundation
  • Agora Microfinance India
60
Q

Give two advantages of SPARC toilet blocks.

Include a statistic.

A
  • Provide cheap access to toilets (monthly permit of 25 rupees).
  • Reduced water pollution and diseases - they’re connected to the sewers and provide running water.
61
Q

Give two disadvantages of SPARC toilet blocks.

A
  • It should be the government’s responsibility to provide good quality public toilets, not local communities.
  • Problems working with the bureaucratic Mumbai government to secure water connections has slowed down construction.
62
Q

Give two advantages of the Hamara Foundation.

A
  • The funding and expertise is concentrated on addressing an important problem; it’s effective.
  • Educates children so that they can be employed in higher-skilled jobs.
63
Q

Give two disadvantages of the Hamara Foundation.

Include a statistic.

A
  • Only a small number of children can be helped - less than 0.2% of street children (327 out of 200,000).
  • It should be the government’s responsibility to provide good quality education to all children.
64
Q

Give two advantages of Agora Microfinance India.

A
  • Allows people to get loans for education so that they can get a higher-skilled job in the long-run.
  • Allows people to start businesses - banking was impossible to access by the poor previously.
65
Q

Give one disadvantage of Agora Microfinance India.

A

Interest rates are high so people can make less profit.

Geography Paper 1 (7 decks)

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