Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Cardiology > Murmurs > Flashcards

Murmurs Flashcards

1
Q

What causes the first heart sound (S1)?

A

Closing of the atrioventricular valves (tricuspid and mitral valves)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What causes the second heart sound (S2)?

A

Closing of the semilunar valves (pulmonary and aortic valves)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

When is the third heart sound (S3) heard?

A

0.1 seconds after the second heart sound

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

In what patient is a third heart sound normal in?

A

A patient aged between 15 - 40 years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What causes the sound of S3?

A

The pulling of the chordae tendinae to their full length

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What may an S3 indicate in an older patient?

A

Heart failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

When is the fourth heart sound (S4) heard?

A

Directly before S1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

When is the fourth heart sound (S4) normal?

A

NEVER

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What causes a fourth heart sound (S4)?

A

Turbulent flow of the atria contracting against a non-compliant ventricle.

This indicates a stiff or hypertrophic ventricle.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Which side of the stethoscope is optimal for low-pitched sounds?

A

Bell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Which side of the stethoscope is optimal for high-pitched sounds?

A

Diaphragm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Where is the pulmonary area anatomically located?

A

2nd intercostal space on left sternal border

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Where is the aortic area anatomically located?

A

2nd intercostal space on right sternal border

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Where is the tricuspid area anatomically located?

A

5th intercostal space on left sternal border

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Where is the mitral area anatomically located?

A

5th intercostal space mid-clavicular line

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Where is Erb’s point?

A

3rd intercostal space on left sternal border

17
Q

What is Erb’s point used for?

A

This is the best area for listening to the heart sounds S1 and S2

18
Q

What manoeuvres can be performed to accentuate murmurs?

A

Putting patient on to left-hand side can help to accentuate mitral stenosis

Sitting the patient up with breath-holding can help to accentuate aortic regurgitation.

19
Q

How do you describe a murmur?

A 
Site (where is it loudest)
Character (soft, blowing, crescendo, decrescendo)
Radiation (carotids, axilla)
Intensity (graded 1-6)
Pitch (high/low)
Timing (systolic/diastolic)
20
Q

What is the grading system for murmurs?

A

Grade 1 - difficult to hear
Grade 2 - quiet
Grade 3 - easy to hear
Grade 4 - easy to hear + palpable thrill
Grade 5 - audible with stethoscope barely touching chest
Grade 6 - audible with stethoscope completely off the chest

21
Q

Stenosis of which valve would cause left atrial hypertrophy?

A

Mitral valve

22
Q

Stenosis of which valve would cause left ventricular hypertrophy?

A

Aortic valve

23
Q

What valvular disease results in left atrial dilatation?

A

Mitral regurgitation

24
Q

What valvular disease results in left ventricular dilatation?

A

Aortic regurgitation

25
Q

What are the causes of mitral stenosis?

A

Rheumatic heart disease

Infective endocarditis

26
Q

What murmur would mitral stenosis present with?

A 
Mid-diastolic
Low-pitched
Rumbling
Loud S1
Palpable tapping apex beat

Associated with a ‘malar flush’ and atrial fibrillation

27
Q

What murmur would mitral regurgitation present with?

A 
Pan-systolic
High-pitched
Whistling
Radiates to the left axilla
May have S3

Results in congestive cardiac failure

28
Q

What are the causes of mitral regurgitation?

A 
Idiopathic weakening with age
Ischaemic heart disease
Infective endocarditis
Rheumatic heart disease
Connective tissue disorders
29
Q

What murmur would aortic stenosis present with?

A 
Ejection-systolic
High-pitched
Crescendo-decrescendo
Radiates to the carotids
Slow-rising pulse
Narrow pulse pressure
Exertional syncope
30
Q

What are the causes of aortic stenosis?

A

Idiopathic age-related calcification

Rheumatic heart disease

31
Q

What murmur would aortic regurgitation present with?

A

Early-diastolic
Soft
Corrigan’s pulse (collapsing pulse)

Can result in an Austin-Flint murmur

32
Q

What is an Austin-Flint murmur?

A

Heard at the apex
Early-diastolic
Rumbling

This is caused by blood flowing back through the aortic valve and over the mitral valve, causing the mitral valve to vibrate.

33
Q

What are the causes of aortic regurgitation?

A

Idiopathic age-related weakness

Connective tissue disorders

Cardiology (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions