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Patho > Muscle > Flashcards

Muscle Flashcards

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1
Q

7 functions of muscle tissue

A

movement, heat, speaking, breathing, posture/body support, protect organs, regulating elimination of materials

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2
Q

Muscle cell =

A

muscle fiber = myocyte

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3
Q

glucogen storage organelle

A

glycosomes

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4
Q

O2 storage organelle

A

myoglobin

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5
Q

Skeletal muscle function

A

motility and heat

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6
Q

What muscles make up the heart

A

smooth and cardiac

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7
Q

Cardiac is controlled by what

A

neural and hormonal (endocrine) control

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8
Q

What is automaticity

A

create own AP

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9
Q

Which muscles have gap junctions

A

cardiac and smooth

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10
Q

which muscle doesn’t have gap junctions?

A

skeletal

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11
Q

Which muscles make up the heart

A

cardiac and smooth

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12
Q

What are satellite cells, what do they do, and located

A

A type of stem cell
for healing damage
between sarcolemma and endomysium

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13
Q

Name the skeletal musccle discrete organs

A

Muscle tissue
blood vessels
nerve fibers
connective tissues

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14
Q

What are the skeletal muscle layers outer to inner

A

Epimysium
Perimysium
Endomysium

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15
Q

What does the epimysium surround

A

skeletal muscle

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16
Q

what does the perimysium surround

A

fascicle

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17
Q

what does the endomysium surround

A

muscle fiber (cell)

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18
Q

what is the rodlike contractile unit of a skeletal muscle called

A

myofibrils or fibrils

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19
Q

Sarcomere definition

A

segment of myofibrils, from Z disc to Z disc

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20
Q

skeletal muscle motor end plate contains which type of receptors

A

ACh nicotinic receptors

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21
Q

extensor vs flexor

A

extensor: incr angle at joint
flexor: decr

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22
Q

abductor vs adductor

A

abductor: move limb AWAY form midline of the body
adductor: TOWARD

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23
Q

Levator vs depressor

A

Levator: moves insertion UPWARD
depressor: Downwards

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24
Q

Rotator vs Sphincter

A

Rotator: rotates a bone along its axis
Sphincter: constricts an opening

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25
Dark band =
A band and thick filaments
26
Light band
I band and thin filaments
27
What is the smallest contractile unit
sarcomere
28
Which parts shorten when muscle contract
H band, I band, z disc, the sarcomere as a whole
29
which zone stays the same length during contraction
A band
30
What is cross bridge
During contraction when head licks the thick and thin filaments together forming a cross bridge
31
what is the thick and thin filaments made of
thick/ dark / A band: myosin thin/ light/ I band: actin
32
2 regulatory proteins in thin filament
Troponin and tropomyosin
33
TnI, TnT, TnC do what
TnI = bind to actin TnT = bind to tropomyosin TnC= bind to Ca2+
34
What causes the movement of tropomyosin
when Ca2+ bind to TnC and changes the shape of troponin
35
What is the myosin head considered
ATPase bc break ATP into ADP and Pi
36
What is the sliding filament theory
Pi is release bc binding cocks the myosin head creates a power stroke that pulls the thin filament to toward the center
37
What happens after power stroke (shortening movement)
ADP is release (during power stroke), myosin and actin separate when a new ATP bind, ATP splits into ATP and Pi by myosin ATPase and binds to another actin
38
Dystrophin
links thin filaments to proteins of sarcolemma (cell membrane)
39
Nebulin, myomesin, C protein
bind filament or sarcomeres together, maintain sarcomere alignment
40
titin
hold thick filament in place, help recoil after stretch, resist excessive stretch
41
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum (SR)
stores and regulates intracellular Ca2+, main storage is in terminal cisterna
42
t-tubules
- penetrate deep into the cell's interior to conduct impulse, - help open Ca2+ channels from the SR known as ryanodine receptors to release Ca2+ into cytoplasm to bind to troponin
43
linking electrical signal to contraction is called
excitation-contraction coupling
44
which cells use Na+ to depolarize
muscle and contractile cells
44
which cells use Ca2+ to depolarize?
pacemaker cells
44
2 types of muscle contractions
Isometric contraction: incr muscle tension, size stay the same, has MAX Isotonic contraction: muscle shorten
45
More precise movements mean
motor unit w/ decr muscle fibers = incr control
45
What are the steps of muscle cell AP?
- ACh released binds to nicotinic ACh receptors opening ligans gated channels - Na+ go in and depolarize - AP produced/starts in sarcolemma (cell membrane) - AP travel down T tubule - open Ca2+ Channels called ryanodine receptors in the SR terminal cisternae -Ca2+ released into sarcoplasm - in myofibrils Ca2+ binds to troponin
46
Twitch
1. Latent period 2. Period of contraction 3. Period of relaxation
46
muscle responses are graded by
frequency and strength
46
motor unit
an alpha motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it supplies
47
wave summation
2 stimuli close together
48
Tetnus
smooth sustained contraction, no relaxation
49
twitch summation (or wave)
incr frequency and incr contractile force
50
Treppe effect
good to warm up Contractions incr bc: - incr in Ca2+ sarcoplasm - incr heat generated = incr effiency enzymes
51
myostatin
paracrine regulator that inhibits satellite cells
52
Most efficient muscle stretch
80-120%
53
Smooth muscle layers:
1. longitudinal layer: dilates and contracts 2. Circular layer: organ elongates + lumen narrows (closer to lumen)
54
Calmodulin
regulatory molecule for smooth muscle
55
What does smooth muscles have instead of neuromuscular junctions
axon terminal swellings called varicosities, they release NT into synaptic cleft called diffuse junction
56
Which muscle uses neuromuscular junctions
skeletal muscle
57
Where does smooth muscles get Ca2+
Ca2+ come from outside the cell, caveoli contain Ca2+ pumps
58
what do skeletal muscles have that smooth muscles don't
Skeletal muscles have: - Z discs, sarcomeres - troponin complex - striations - t-tubules - neuromuscular junctions
59
how does albuterol work on the lungs
albuterol acts on beta 2 receptors on the smooth muscles on the lungs. It causes an incr in cAMP which inhibits MLCK inhibition causes smooth muscle cell relaxation eventually bronchodilation
60
Does smooth muscle or skeletal muscle take longer to contract
Smooth, 30X longer
61
Stress relaxation response
smooth muscle: - responds to stretch and them adapts to new length but can still contract - (reason stomach and bladder can temporarily store content)
62
Single Unit Smooth muscle characteristics:
- gap junctions - spontaneous AP - contract rhythmically as a unit - arranged in opposing sheets and have stress-relaxation response
63
Multiunit smooth muscle characteristics
- rare gap junctions - infrequent spontaneous AP structurally indep muscle fibers - lor of nerve supply, like to receive info rather than make AP - graded contraction

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