Muscle and Cricket Flashcards

(38 cards)

1
Q

3 cats of movement

A

reflexive, rhythmic, and voluntary

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2
Q

Muscle fiber and axon

A

Each fiber has SINGLE axon

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3
Q

Hierarchy for motor neurons

A

basal ganglia/cerebllum modulate
upper motor neuron in stem
lower motor in fibers

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4
Q

Alpha motor neurons and input

A

innervate extrafusal, generate force
input from interneurons, muscle spindle, and upper motor neurons brain

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5
Q

Muscle spindle

A

in parallel with extrafusal
Ia sensory afferent around it, INFO ABOUT MUSCLE LENGTH

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6
Q

Monosynaptic myotatic reflex

A

Stretch reflex, knee-jerk
A force stretches the muscle
Ia axon sends info to alpha neuron which shortens muscle

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7
Q

Gamma motor neurons

A

Adjust sensitivity
Resets length of spindle by contracting INTRAFUSAL fiber
So Ia can continue to glean information about length

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8
Q

Golgi tendon organ

A

propioception
Monitor MUSCLE TENSION
In series with fiber
Ib afferents encode tension
Fire when stretched/tension/forced
reflex to Alpha motor

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9
Q

Reverse myotatic Reflex

A

Protect from overload
Golgi Ib afferent inhibit Alpha motor neuron, lessen force

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10
Q

Reciprocal Inhibition

A

Flexor inhibits extensior vice versa
Flexor crossed extensor reflex - step on tack
- Ipsilateral excite flexor, inhibit extensor
Contra excite extensor, inhibit flexor

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11
Q

CPG in human motor system

A

Rhytmic behaviors, walking/swallowing/swimming
Start in brain, go down spinal cord, cut= don’t make it down

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12
Q

Basal ganglia Loop

A

Initiate willed movements
Procedural learning

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13
Q

Cerebellar Loop and Projections

A

Sequencing/timing complex movements
Procedural Learning

Intended movement from motor cortex via pons
Actual Movement from propioceptors in muscles (to inferior cerebellar peduncle)
= ERROR SIGNAL, Corrollary Discharge
Know if due to exafference = enviro
or reafferance = own movement

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14
Q

Lower Order corollary discharge

A

Control sensation
- Reflex inhibition in sea slug feeding
- Sensory filtration in cricket song deafening

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15
Q

Higher Order Corollary Discharge

A

Sensory stability - shifting receptive fields
Sensorimotor Learning - bird song feedback

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16
Q

3 cricket songs

A

Calling (positive phonotaxis), courtship, aggression

17
Q

Elements of cricket song in order small to big

A

Cycle - syllable (carrier frequency, syl rate)- chirp (chirp rate) - song

18
Q

Song production morphology

A

Wing stridulation
Scraper against file in CLOSING, harp amplified
Wing morphology determines cycles in pulse (file), how quickly wing close = pulse duration

19
Q

CNS of cricket

A

Song production motor neurons innervate wing in MESOTHORACIC Ganglion (3 thoracic)
6 abdominal ganglion act as spinal cord
Brain

20
Q

5 Ways to monitor motor neurons

A

Extracellular activity spikes of MUA
Intracellular spikes of MUA
Extracellular spikes of Neuron
Intraceullar Endplate potential of muscle cell
Extracellular Electromyogram EMG

21
Q

Two muscle for sound production

A

M90 Wing closer
M99 Wing opener
in mesothoracic ganglion
Takes time to develop force to close, so song not instanetenous
Recicrpocal output to closer/openers
THESE MOTOR NEURONS HAVE RHYTMIC ACTIVITY IN PHASE WITH SONG

22
Q

Where song production triggered, what control what

A

Brain go/no go
NO Song pattern info in brain, just a go signal
Trigger CPGs in ganglion which trigger muscles
CPG - pulse rate, chirp rate/duration
Muscles - pulse duration, cycles, carrier frequency

23
Q

3 criteria for command neurons

A

Correlation - fire with behavior
Sufficiency - stimulate neuron = behavior
Necessity - inhibit neuron = NO behavior

Command neuron in brain gives GO signal, NO pattern info, just a plain go signal, not corr’d with song patterns

24
Q

Post-Inhibitory Rebound

A

after inhibition, motor neurons spike in a rebound
Works in CPG for wing motor neurons in reciprocal way
GO singal goes to opener/closer, reciprocal inhibition and rebound

25
Fictive Singing and what involved in CPG
Cut motor to wings Induced by injecting cholinergic agonists in brain so can still record motor activity Recorded with truncated abdominal nerve A3 neuron is rhytmic with fictive singing SPIKE 10MS BEFORE WING OPENER HYPER IN PHASE WITH CLOSING
26
Reset Experiment
Current inject in a neuron, see if CPG behavior resets, if it does, then part of the CPG A3 current injection resets rhythm, A3 part of CPG
27
Pulse Timer Network and Chirp Timer
A3/4, pulse period Chirp Timer A4/5 chirp duration and number pulse A5/6 Chirp period
28
Phonotaxis behavior path
Zigzag toward song, in direction that is LOUDEST
29
Essential features of song for phonotaxis
5Khz 30 syls/second Louder songs
30
Why 5Khz?
Indirect route towards ipsi tympanum is longer than Direct ipsi tympanum Indirect/direct same length contra Extra distance is 3.5cm, half wavelength of 5khz sound (7cm) Ipsi tympanum MAXIMIMALLY moves with 5khz sound (pushed and pulled from outside inside in rhythm with sound) Contra tympanum MINIMALLY moves with 5Khz (outside push and inside pull cancel since same time) Moves best for 5khz, resonates and sensory filters
31
Aud nerve direction tuning
Directionally tuned auditory nerves for 5khz Lowest db threshold for direct right 3:00, higher threshold at other directions like 2:00/4:00
32
Aud to omega path and inhibition
Auditory nerves DO NOT CROSS MIDLINE Synapse to ipislateral Omega neurons neuropile Omega neurons on left/right inhibit each other Reciprocal inhibition In phase with syllables in song Helps with direction selecitivty Reciprocal inhibition ENHANCES differences in aud signal
33
AN-1 neurons and path to brain
Ascending neurons EXCITED from auditory nerves Inhibited by CONTRA Omega neurons Also direction selecitve If LAN fires more, female moves left RAN, move right Can change by hyperpolarizing left, even if left sound, moves right Send signal to BNC-1,2 BNC-1/2 NO temporal pattern to song AN-1/Omega DO HAVE temporal pattern
34
BNC types for syllable rates
BNC-1 Low pass, low syl rate BNC-2 High pass, high syl rate BNC-2 Band pass, 30 syl/sec
35
BNC-2 Firing
BNC-2 Activity MATCHED female behavior Song recognition cell! Needs simulatenous input BNC-1/2, their firing overlaps at 30 syls/second, AND gate
36
Corollary Discharge in crickets
Desensitize auditory during loud aggression call CD Interneurons output to prothoracic (AUD and Omega) Spike with motor CLOSING Not part of CPG (reset experiment no effect) IT DOES RECEIVE EXCITATORY INPUT FROM CPG THOUGH! (COPY OF MOTOR COMMAND)!
37
Primary Afferent Depolarization and CDI inhibition
Pre-synaptic Inhibitiojn Depol pre-syn so that Ca less driivng force Doesn't release as much NT CDI does this on Auditiory nerve afferent with wing CLOSING (when soud happens) Reduces transmission of aud and omega Also does IPSP on Omega with sound (post-syn inhibition) So CDI does both pre and post syn inhibition on aud and omega Sensory filtration Reduce sensitivty DURING call, retain during non-call!
38
Lateral and Ventromedial motor path
lateral - Goal directed voluntary, basal ganglia Ventromedial - posture, locomotion, orientation and balance, cerebellar