Muscle and tendon

Question 1

What are the three types of muscle

Answer 1

Skeletal striated
cardiac striated
smooth

Question 2

Importance of skeletal muscle

Answer 2

Posture and locomotion
controlling body cavity and orifices sizes
venous and lymphatic return
is the end product of the production line (food)

Question 3

1 muscle =

Answer 3

many fascicles

Question 4

1 fascicle =

Answer 4

many fibres

Question 5

1 fibre =

Answer 5

1 multinucleate syncytium - a long cylindrical tube
many intracellular, longitudinal myofibrils each divided into repeating transverse sarcomeres

Question 6

what is contraction range proportional to

Answer 6

number of sarcomeres in series

Question 7

what is forces applied when contract proportional to

Answer 7

number of myofibrils in parallel

Question 8

what are the three types of skeletal muscle that have fibres parallel to each other

Answer 8

strap, pennate, bipennate

Question 9

name a strap muscle

Answer 9

omotransversarius

Question 10

Give a property of pennate and bipennate relating to their contraction

Answer 10

don’t contract very far but contract with a high force

Question 11

Name the eight gross shapes of skeltal muscle

Answer 11

Strap
Pennate
Bipennate
Oblique
Spiral
Digastric
Multihead
Constrictor
Dilator

Question 12

Name the 8 gross structures of skeletal muscle

Answer 12

Strap
Pennate
Bipennate
Oblique
Spiral
Digastric
Multihead
Constrictor
Dilator

Question 12

Name the 8 gross structures of skeletal muscle

Answer 12

Strap
Pennate
Bipennate
Oblique
Spiral
Digastric
Multihead
Constrictor
Dilator

Question 13

Describe structure of pennate muscle

Answer 13

long tendons connected by short muscle fibres

Question 14

Name an oblique muscle

Answer 14

serratus ventralis

Question 15

Name a spiral muscle

Answer 15

Supinator

Question 16

Describe extrinsic muscles

Answer 16

strap like since no leverage avaliable

Question 17

Describe intrinsic muscles

Answer 17

pennate - strong with little range but lots of leverage

Question 18

What is an agonist

Answer 18

prime mover - carries out the main function

Question 19

What is an antagonist

Answer 19

carries out the opposing function to the agonist

Question 20

What is a synergist

Answer 20

muscle that prevents other muscles from being impaired

Question 21

Two types of synergists

Answer 21

Capsular muscles - stabilise joint capsule (anconeus)
Ligamentar muscles - constrain movement (subscapularis)

Question 22

Mono-articular muscles

Answer 22

only cross one joint
Brachialis only crosses one joint = the elbow

Question 23

Polyarticular muscles

Answer 23

Cross multiple joints
act at the most distal joint they cross
common digital extensor

Question 24

What is torque

Answer 24

the ability of a force (muscle) to cause rotation of a mass (limb segment) about a pivot (joint)

Question 25

Tendons

Answer 25

strong fibrous continuation of the epi, peri and endomysia at the ends of muscle - dense collagen more injury prone than muscle

Question 26

Types of tendon

Answer 26

Funicular - chord Aponeurotic - broad sheet

Question 27

Functions of tendons

Answer 27

direct muscular force Store and release elastic potential energy Absorb sudden forces that would usually tear muscle appart

Question 28

What is a fascicle surrounded by

Answer 28

perimysium

Question 29

Fascial tunnels

Answer 29

bundle of fibrous connective tissue surrounding the whole muscle muscle contained in a fixed volume, allows venous and lymphatic return makes the muscle tough and rigid when contracted

Question 30

Torque =

Answer 30

force x perpendicular distance from pivot movement of inertia x angular acceleration

Question 31

Units for torque

Answer 31

Nm

Question 32

Four acessory structures

Answer 32

Sheaths Scuta Retinacula Sesamoid bones

Question 33

Sheaths

Answer 33

areolar fibrous tissue sleave - peritendon synovial bursa lie between bone and tendon may connect to joint space or not synovial sheath wraps around tendon mesotendon gap for vessels and nerves

Question 34

Scuta

Answer 34

tough pad of fibrocartilage over a tendon

Question 35

Retinacula

Answer 35

transverse bands that straps the tendon in place decreases perpendicular distance between tendon and pivot so decreases torque

Question 36

Sesamoid bones

Answer 36

bones that form within tendons prevent flattening of tendon, reduce friction increases perpendicular distance from tendon and pivot increasing torque