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Physiology and Anatomy of Systems > Muscle, Bone And Nerve > Flashcards

Muscle, Bone And Nerve Flashcards

(56 cards)

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1
Q

The 3 types of cartilage

A

Elastic cartilage

  • lots of large Chondrocytes
  • mostly elastic fibres
  • found in ears and epiglottis

Fibrocartilage

  • mostly collagen fibres
  • Chondrocytes found in rows between fibres
  • found in intervertebral discs, symphysis pubis and articulate discs

Hyaline cartilage

  • most abundant
  • chondrocytes houses in lacunae
  • found in joints etc
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2
Q

Growth of cartilage (2)

A

Appositional growth:
- new surface matrix added to pre-existing matrix by new chondroblasts (young and active cartilage cell) derived from the perichondrium

Interstitial growth:
- grow and divide and lay down more matrix inside the pre-existing cartilage, form clusters (lacunae)

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3
Q

Impaired calcification

A

Leads to higher levels of Osteoid tissue than normal, bone bends more than it should.
Calcification only occurs in presence of collagen fibres

Leads to rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults

If removed minerals in bone it bends

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4
Q

Structure of bone

A 
Proximal epiphysis
-
-
Diaphysis
-
-
Distal epiphysis

Section through an epiphysis:
Compact bone on outside, spongy bone on inside
Also has nutrient artery

Section through shaft/diaphysis:
Spongy bone replaced by yellow marrow (fat and mesenchyml stem cells)
Outside is layer of connective tissue called Periosteum (a source of new bone cells)
Nutrient artery pierces the periosteum to reach bone tissue since the bone is highly vascular

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5
Q

Compact bone structure

A

Made of osteons (tightly packed units) which are formed around blood vessels in central canal, lamella bone around them

Spongy bone results from osteons being partly removed, leaving gaps for remaining struts of bone

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6
Q

Types of bone cell

A

Osteocytes:
Maintains bone tissue
Mature bone cells
Located within bone

Osteoblasts:
Forms bone matrix (deposition of osteoid)
Located at surfaces of the bone
When become trapped in their own osteoid matrix, stop dividing, and then are terms osteocytes

Osteogenic cell:
Stem cell
Produce the next generation of osteoblasts
Located in close proximity of blood vessels in spongy bone, found by periosteum in compact bone
Produce the next generation of osteoblasts

Osteoclast:
Derived from different lineage
Resorbs bone
Located in cavities on the surface of bone

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7
Q

Axial skeleton

A

Skull
Vertebral column
Ribs
Sternum

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8
Q

Appendicular skeleton

A

Limb bones

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9
Q

Limb girdles

A

Bones than connect the limb bones to the trunk bones

Shoulder girdle:
Clavicle and scapula

Pelvic girdle:
Hip bones

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10
Q

Classification of bone (by shape):

A 
Long bone (humerus)
Short bone (carpal bone)
Flat bone (sternum)
Irregular bone (vertebra)
Sesamoid bone (patella/knee cap, where a tendon turns a corner)
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11
Q

Ossification / bone development (2)

A

Intramembranous ossification:
Bones originate from soft connective tissue
(Hyaline cartilage missing from this ossification which is necessary in load bearing joints)

Endochondral ossification:
Bones are guided in their formation by a development from a cartilaginous model

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12
Q

Endochondral ossification

A

Bone collar formed by osteoblasts
Hypertrophy of chondrocytes
Blood vessels invade shaft
Secondary centre of ossification forms in the epiphysis’
Epiphyseal/growth plate formed from the growth of bone restricting the cartilage growth

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13
Q

Bumps on a bone

A 
Process:
Projecting out of bone
(If hooked - Hamulus)
(If sharp - spine)
(If round - tubercle, large tubercles are tuberosity’s)

Ramus:
Particularly large

Lumps & bumps due to the pull of tendons or ligaments

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14
Q

Grooves and holes in bones

A

Groove in bone:
Sulcus

Deeper than a groove:
Notches

Pit in bone:
Fossa

Hole in a bone:
Foramen

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15
Q

Articular surfaces

A

Small and round joint:
Facet

Rounded articular surfaces:
Condyle (means knuckle)

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16
Q

Joints

A

Bone-bone
Bone-cartilage
Cartilage-cartilage

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17
Q

Function of joints

A

Allow movement
OR
To allow growth (or both)

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18
Q

Joint classification (3)

A

Fibrous joints:

  • don’t allow significant movt (synarthrosis)
  • connective tissue connects bones
  • no joint cavity

Cartilaginous joints:

  • provide limited mobility (amphiarthrosis)
  • cartilage to bone
  • no joint cavity

Synovial joints:

  • freely moveable joint (diarthrosis)
  • support articulating bones
  • contains joint cavity (synovial fluid)
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19
Q

Fibrous joints

A

Sutures (eg. all found in skull):

  • serrated (bones interlock)
  • squamous (bones bevelled on eachother/angle)
  • plane (bones meet edge to edge)

Syndesmoses (eg. inferior fibular tibular joint)
- bones bound by ligaments/membranes

Gomphoses (eg. Tooth and jaw)
- peg and socket

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20
Q

Types of cartilaginous joints (2)

A

Primary:

  • little movt
  • Bone segments separated by hyaline cartilage
  • seen in growth plates in the growing skeleton AND first sternal costal joint (joint between first rib and sternum)

Secondary:

  • bones separated by a pad of fibral cartilage
  • limited movt
  • seen in intervertebral discs
  • all in the mid line of the body
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21
Q

Synovial joints

A

Slide over eachother with ease due to hyaline cartilage on their surfaces (also lubricated by synovial fluid)

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22
Q

Articular shape and movement

A

Uniaxial joint:
Moves in one plane only
(Gliding joints, hinge joints, pivot joints)

Biaxial joint:
Moves in 2 planes
(Ellipsoid joint, saddle joint)

Multiaxial joint:
Moves in 3 planes
(Ball and socket)

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23
Q

Stability of a joint is dependent upon:

Most stable - close packed position
Least stable - loose packed position (most likely to dislocate)

Mobility is inversely related to stability (all factors limit mobility)

Study These Flashcards
A

Articular shape
(Deep pocket more stable than shallow)

Strength of the capsule
(Capsule that tightens upon movt is more stable against that movt)

Ligaments
(Inside or outside the capsule will give added support)

Muscle

Tendons
(Physical barrier to unwanted movt to joint)

24
Q

Types of muscle tissue (3)

Study These Flashcards
A

Striated skeletal muscle:

  • multinucleated cells
  • un-branched
  • controlled by somatic nervous system

Striated cardiac muscle:

  • single branched cells joined by intercalated disc
  • controlled by autonomic

Non-striated smooth muscle:

  • spindle shaped single cells
  • controlled by autonomic
25
Types of isotonic muscle contraction (2)
(Think of dumbbell) Concentric = muscle shortens during force production Eccentric = muscle produces force but length increases (lowering db)
26
isometric muscle contraction (2)
(Pull on immovable object) - muscle exerts force without changing length - or postural muscles keeping body upright
27
Example of antagonistic muscle groups
Flexors: - Brachialis - Biceps brachii Extensors: - triceps brachii - anconeus
28
Formation of skeletal muscle
- myoblasts fuse into myotubules (immature muscle fibres) - satellite cells (resident muscle stem cells) on surface of muscle cells can be activated to enter cell cycle and become myoblasts which proliferate and differentiate to provide new myonuclei for existing muscle fibres, or fuse together to generate new myofibrils - satellite cells can also self-renew to maintain stem cell pop
29
Myofibril structure
Contain 2 protein filaments: Thick = myosin Thin = actin Myofibrils are divided into sarcomeres
30
Muscle contraction in relation to bands
``` Sacromere shortens (Z lines move closer) ``` H & I bands shorten A band remains the same
31
Sub-division of muscle fibres depending on speed of contraction
Speed depends on myosin heavy chain isoform present (Spotted histochemically) Type I slow division (Slow oxidative) ``` Type II fast fibres: - IIa (fast oxidative) - IIb (fast glycolytic) - IIx (super-fast glycolytic) (Spotted by immunostaining) ``` Fast myosin isoform found in white muscle fibres, bc small amount of myoglobin (o2 binding molecule) Slow myosin isoform found in red muscle fibres, bc lots of myoglobin
32
What structures are all embryonic trunk and limb muscles derived from?
Somites (Contain the progenitors of many tissues) Head muscles come from unsegmented cranial mesoderm NOT somites
33
Types of progenitors for embryonic tissues that somites contain (3) & examples
Dermomyotome: - skeletal muscle - satellite cells - dermis Sclerotome: - cartilage - VSMC - endothelial - meninges - joints - tendons Myotome: - differentiated myocytes
34
Formation of limb muscles
Precursors of muscle originates from somites They migrate into the limb bud Receive instructions about which muscle to form from extrinsic signals in limb periphery (muscle connective tissue fibroblasts)
35
Grey and white matter
Grey matter - made up of cell bodies of the neurons White matter - made up of the axons of the neurons surrounded in myelin
36
Ganglia
Collections of nerve cell bodies outside of the CNS
37
Structure of the meninges
``` Dura mater = fibrous connective tissue - - Arachnoid mater = impermeable membrane - - Pia mater = vascular layer ```
38
Glial cells in the CNS
Oligodendrocyte: - form myelin sheaths around axons in CNS - a single cell (unlike Schwann cells in PNS) can myelinate many axons Astrocytes: - most plentiful - form blood brain barrier, wrap capillaries Microglia: - immune defence cells of the brain Ependymal cells: - form epithelial layer - involved with cerebral spinal fluid
39
Types of nerve fibres
Somatic sensory Visceral sensory Somatic motor Autonomic motor
40
Efferent VS Afferent nerve
Efferent: Out from spinal cord to periphery Afferent: In from periphery to spinal cord
41
Neuron processes
Motor neuron: - upper motor neurones - carry motor info down to: - lower motor neurones Sensory neurons - 1st order neurons (Conduct sensory info from receptor to CNS) - 2nd order neurons (Conduct info from brain and spinal cord into thalamus) - 3rd order neurons (Conduct info from thalamus to sensory cortex of brain)
42
Nerve fibre classification
A fibres: myelinated (Decreasing in size: alpha, beta, gamma, delta) B fibres: smaller myelinated C fibres: unmyelinated
43
Sensory nerve ending receptors
Meissner’s corpuscle: In places with high sensitivity (fingers/lips) Pacinian corpuscle: Give sense of vibration Ruffini end organs: Sensations of continuous touch and pressure Merkel’s discs: Sensation of continuous pressure Free nerve endings: Movt of hairs, thermal sensations
44
Cranial nerves
``` I : olfactory (nose) II : optic (eye) III : oculomotor (eye muscle) IV : trochlear (eye muscle) V : trigeminal (facial sensors) VI : abducens (eye muscle) VII : facial (face muscle) VIII : vestibulocochlear (inner ear) IX : glossipharyngeal (pharynx) X : vagus (lots of organs) !!! XI : accessory (2 neck muscles) XII : hypoglossal (tongue muscles) ```
45
Structure of spinal nerves
Spinal nerve connected to spinal cord Have posterior sensory root & anterior motor root When emerging from intervetebral foramen, each spinal nerve divides into anterior ramus and posterior ramus (mixed)
46
``` Spinal nerves (going down the spinal cord) ```
``` Cervical nerves (C1-C8) (cervical plexus & brachial plexus) ``` Thoracic nerves (T1-T12) Lumbar nerves (L1-L5) Sacral nerves (S1-S5) Coccygeal nerve (CO)
47
Number of nerves
``` Cranial = 12 pairs Spinal = 31 pairs (all mixed) ```
48
Define dermatome & myotome
The skin supplied by a single nerve The group of similar muscles that are supplied by a single nerve
49
Define nerve plexus
Network of peripheral nerve fibres from intersecting differing spinal nerves
50
Sympathetic neuron
Preganglionic nerve: Short, myelinated Synapses in the sympathetic ganglion Uses acetylcholine as its neurotransmitter Postganglionic nerve: Long, unmyelinated Synapses in target organ Uses noradrenaline as its neurotransmitter
51
Sympathetic augmentation
Chromaffin cells are stimulated by the preganglionic neurons Adrenal medulla release adrenaline (acts like noradrenaline) and some noradrenaline In bloodstream to target
52
Parasympathetic neuron
Pre-ganglionic nerve: Long, unmyelinated Post-ganglionic nerve: Short, myelinated Neurotransmitter: Acetylcholine (for both pre&post ganglionic neurons)
53
Pre-ganglionic sympathetically (3)
Pre-ganglionic sympathetic neuron can synapse with a post-ganglionic neuron at the same level of origin (Provided it arises from T1-L2) Neuron can travel up or down the sympathetic chain to another ganglion at a different level Neuron can travel through ganglion without synapsing and run to a pre-vertebral (visceral) ganglion
54
Basic neurotransmission
Sensory neuron bring sensory info into spinal nerve via the dorsal root Will synapse with another neuron in the spinal cord To the brain Out via motor neurons via ventral root
55
Number of cranial nerves
12 2 - from cerebrum 10 - from brain stem
56
Aponeurosis
Type of deep fascia in the form of a sheet that attaches muscles needing a wide area of attachment (Eg. Abdominal)

Physiology and Anatomy of Systems (3 decks)

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