Muscle expanded deck Flashcards
(210 cards)
1
Q
What are the three types of muscle tissue?
A
Skeletal, Cardiac, Smooth
2
Q
Which muscle tissue is voluntary?
A
Skeletal
3
Q
Which muscle tissues are striated?
A
Skeletal and Cardiac
4
Q
Which muscle tissue is non-striated?
A
Smooth
5
Q
Which muscle tissue has intercalated discs?
A
Cardiac muscle
6
Q
What are the four properties of muscle tissue?
A
Excitability, Contractility, Extensibility, Elasticity
7
Q
What is excitability?
A
Ability to respond to stimuli
8
Q
What is contractility?
A
Ability to shorten and produce force
9
Q
What is extensibility?
A
Ability to stretch without being damaged
10
Q
What is elasticity?
A
Ability to return to original shape after stretching
11
Q
What wraps the whole muscle?
A
Epimysium
12
Q
What wraps a fascicle?
A
Perimysium
13
Q
What wraps a muscle fiber?
A
Endomysium
14
Q
What is a fascicle?
A
Bundle of muscle fibers
15
Q
What is a muscle fiber?
A
A single muscle cell
16
Q
What is the functional unit of a muscle fiber?
A
Sarcomere
17
Q
What filaments make up the A band?
A
Thick (myosin) filaments
18
Q
What filaments make up the I band?
A
Thin (actin) filaments
19
Q
What happens to the H zone during contraction?
A
It narrows or disappears
20
Q
What is the Z line?
A
Boundary of a sarcomere
21
Q
Where does acetylcholine act?
A
At receptors on the motor end plate
22
Q
What enzyme breaks down acetylcholine?
A
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE)
23
Q
What ion triggers acetylcholine release at the NMJ?
A
Calcium (Ca2+)
24
Q
What ion rushes into the muscle to cause depolarization?
A
Sodium (Na⁺)
25
What triggers calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum?
Action potential in T-tubules
26
What does calcium bind to on actin?
Troponin
27
What moves to expose myosin-binding sites on actin?
Tropomyosin
28
What is the Sliding Filament Theory?
Thin filaments slide over thick filaments, shortening sarcomere
29
What enzyme activity does the myosin head perform?
ATPase activity (hydrolyzes ATP)
30
What is the first step of cross-bridge cycle?
ATP hydrolysis by myosin head
31
What causes the power stroke?
Release of ADP and Pi from myosin head
32
What causes myosin to detach from actin?
Binding of a new ATP molecule
33
What are the three phases of a muscle twitch?
Latent period, Contraction period, Relaxation period
34
What is wave summation?
Stronger contraction when a second stimulus arrives before relaxation ends
35
What is incomplete tetanus?
Partial relaxation between stimuli
36
What is complete tetanus?
No relaxation; sustained maximum contraction
37
What is treppe?
Increased contraction strength with full relaxation between stimuli (warming-up effect)
38
What is an isotonic contraction?
Muscle changes length while tension remains constant
39
What is an isometric contraction?
Muscle generates tension without changing length
40
What is a concentric contraction?
Muscle shortens while generating force
41
What is an eccentric contraction?
Muscle lengthens while generating force
42
What are the three ways muscles produce ATP?
Creatine phosphate, Anaerobic glycolysis, Aerobic respiration
43
Which ATP source is fastest but short-lived?
Creatine phosphate
44
Which ATP source produces lactic acid?
Anaerobic glycolysis
45
Which ATP source requires oxygen?
Aerobic respiration
46
What is a motor unit?
A motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it controls
47
What principle governs motor unit recruitment?
Size principle (small recruited first, then large)
48
What muscles form the rotator cuff?
Supraspinatus, Infraspinatus, Teres minor, Subscapularis
49
Which rotator cuff muscle initiates abduction?
Supraspinatus
50
Which rotator cuff muscles laterally rotate the arm?
Infraspinatus and Teres minor
51
Which rotator cuff muscle medially rotates the arm?
Subscapularis
52
What muscles flex the elbow?
Biceps brachii, Brachialis, Brachioradialis
53
What muscles extend the elbow?
Triceps brachii, Anconeus
54
Mnemonic for anterior forearm flexors?
Pass, Fail, Pass, Fail
55
Mnemonic for deep anterior forearm muscles?
FDP, FPL, PQ
56
Mnemonic for posterior deep extensors?
Supine APE Extension
57
Thenar eminence muscles?
Abductor pollicis brevis, Flexor pollicis brevis, Opponens pollicis, Adductor pollicis
58
Hypothenar eminence muscles?
Abductor digiti minimi, Flexor digiti minimi brevis, Opponens digiti minimi
59
Midpalmar muscles mnemonic?
PAD (Palmar adducts), DAB (Dorsal abducts)
60
Primary hip flexors?
Iliopsoas (psoas major + iliacus)
61
Primary hip extensors?
Gluteus maximus, Hamstrings
62
Primary hip abductors?
Gluteus medius and minimus
63
Mnemonic for lateral hip rotators?
POGSQ (Piriformis, Obturators, Gemelli, Quadratus femoris)
64
Quadriceps femoris muscles?
Rectus femoris, Vastus lateralis, Vastus medialis, Vastus intermedius
65
Hamstring muscles?
Biceps femoris, Semitendinosus, Semimembranosus
66
Posterior superficial leg muscles?
Gastrocnemius, Soleus, Plantaris
67
Deep posterior leg muscles mnemonic?
Tom, Dick, And Nervous Harry
68
Primary dorsiflexor?
Tibialis anterior
69
Primary plantarflexors?
Gastrocnemius and Soleus
70
Muscles responsible for everting the foot?
Fibularis longus and brevis
71
What nerve injury causes foot drop?
Common fibular nerve injury
72
What nerve injury causes 'ape hand'?
Median nerve injury
73
What nerve injury causes 'claw hand'?
Ulnar nerve injury
74
What muscle weakness causes Trendelenburg gait?
Gluteus medius weakness
75
What condition is caused by lateral epicondylitis?
Tennis elbow
76
What condition is caused by medial epicondylitis?
Golfer’s elbow
77
What condition involves inflammation of the plantar fascia?
Plantar fasciitis
78
What are the three types of muscle tissue?
Skeletal, Cardiac, Smooth
79
Which muscle tissue is voluntary?
Skeletal
80
Which muscle tissues are striated?
Skeletal and Cardiac
81
Which muscle tissue is non-striated?
Smooth
82
What muscle tissue has intercalated discs?
Cardiac muscle
83
What are the four properties of muscle tissue?
Excitability, Contractility, Extensibility, Elasticity
84
What muscle property describes its ability to stretch?
Extensibility
85
What muscle property describes its ability to generate force?
Contractility
86
What connective tissue wraps the whole muscle?
Epimysium
87
What connective tissue wraps fascicles?
Perimysium
88
What connective tissue wraps individual muscle fibers?
Endomysium
89
What is a fascicle?
A bundle of muscle fibers
90
What is the plasma membrane of a muscle fiber called?
Sarcolemma
91
What are the repeating units inside myofibrils called?
Sarcomeres
92
What protein makes up thick filaments?
Myosin
93
What protein makes up thin filaments?
Actin
94
What lines mark the boundaries of a sarcomere?
Z-lines
95
What is the dark band where thick filaments are found?
A-band
96
What is the light band containing thin filaments only?
I-band
97
What shortens during muscle contraction?
Sarcomere
98
Does the A-band change length during contraction?
No
99
What causes the H-zone to disappear during contraction?
Overlap of actin and myosin filaments
100
What neurotransmitter is released at the NMJ?
Acetylcholine (ACh)
101
What enzyme breaks down acetylcholine?
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE)
102
What ion influx triggers ACh release?
Calcium (Ca²⁺) into the neuron
103
What ion influx into the muscle fiber causes depolarization?
Sodium (Na⁺)
104
Where does the muscle action potential propagate?
Across the sarcolemma and down T-tubules
105
What structure releases Ca²⁺ inside the muscle cell?
Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)
106
What does Ca²⁺ bind to on the thin filament?
Troponin
107
What role does tropomyosin play in muscle contraction?
Blocks myosin binding sites on actin
108
What exposes binding sites on actin for myosin?
Movement of tropomyosin after Ca²⁺ binds to troponin
109
What is the power stroke?
Myosin pulling actin toward the M-line
110
What causes myosin to detach from actin?
Binding of a new ATP molecule
111
What enzyme activity does the myosin head have?
ATPase (splits ATP)
112
What are the three phases of a muscle twitch?
Latent period, Contraction period, Relaxation period
113
What occurs during the latent period?
Events of excitation-contraction coupling without visible contraction
114
What is wave summation?
Stronger contraction due to a second stimulus before relaxation
115
What is incomplete tetanus?
Partial relaxation between rapid stimuli
116
What is complete tetanus?
No relaxation between stimuli; sustained contraction
117
What is treppe?
Gradual increase in contraction strength after repeated stimulation with full relaxation
118
What is an isotonic contraction?
Muscle changes length under constant tension
119
What is an isometric contraction?
Muscle generates tension without changing length
120
What muscles flex the shoulder?
Pectoralis major, Deltoid (anterior fibers), Coracobrachialis
121
What muscles extend the shoulder?
Latissimus dorsi, Deltoid (posterior fibers), Teres major
122
What muscles abduct the shoulder?
Deltoid (middle fibers), Supraspinatus
123
What muscles adduct the shoulder?
Pectoralis major, Latissimus dorsi, Teres major
124
What muscles medially rotate the shoulder?
Subscapularis, Pectoralis major, Latissimus dorsi
125
What muscles laterally rotate the shoulder?
Infraspinatus, Teres minor
126
What muscles flex the elbow?
Biceps brachii, Brachialis, Brachioradialis
127
What muscles extend the elbow?
Triceps brachii, Anconeus
128
What muscles supinate the forearm?
Biceps brachii, Supinator
129
What muscles pronate the forearm?
Pronator teres, Pronator quadratus
130
What muscles flex the hip?
Iliopsoas, Rectus femoris, Sartorius
131
What muscles extend the hip?
Gluteus maximus, Hamstrings
132
What muscles abduct the hip?
Gluteus medius and minimus, Tensor fasciae latae
133
What muscles adduct the hip?
Adductor longus, brevis, magnus, Gracilis, Pectineus
134
What muscles medially rotate the hip?
Gluteus medius and minimus, Tensor fasciae latae
135
What muscles laterally rotate the hip?
Piriformis, Obturators, Gemelli, Quadratus femoris
136
What muscles flex the knee?
Hamstrings (biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus), Gracilis, Sartorius
137
What muscles extend the knee?
Quadriceps femoris group
138
What muscles dorsiflex the foot?
Tibialis anterior, Extensor digitorum longus, Extensor hallucis longus
139
What muscles plantarflex the foot?
Gastrocnemius, Soleus, Tibialis posterior
140
What muscles invert the foot?
Tibialis anterior, Tibialis posterior
141
What muscles evert the foot?
Fibularis longus and brevis
142
Where does the biceps brachii originate?
Short head: coracoid process; Long head: supraglenoid tubercle
143
Where does the biceps brachii insert?
Radial tuberosity and bicipital aponeurosis
144
Where does the triceps brachii originate?
Long head: infraglenoid tubercle; Lateral and medial heads: posterior humerus
145
Where does the triceps brachii insert?
Olecranon process of the ulna
146
Where does the deltoid originate?
Clavicle, acromion, spine of scapula
147
Where does the deltoid insert?
Deltoid tuberosity of humerus
148
Where does the gluteus maximus originate?
Ilium, sacrum, coccyx
149
Where does the gluteus maximus insert?
Gluteal tuberosity of femur and iliotibial tract
150
Where does the quadriceps femoris group insert?
Tibial tuberosity via patellar ligament
151
Where does the hamstrings group originate?
Ischial tuberosity (except short head of biceps femoris)
152
Where does the tibialis anterior originate?
Lateral condyle and shaft of tibia
153
Where does the tibialis anterior insert?
Medial cuneiform and base of first metatarsal
154
Where does the gastrocnemius originate?
Medial and lateral condyles of femur
155
Where does the gastrocnemius insert?
Calcaneus via Achilles tendon
156
Which muscles abduct the fingers?
Dorsal interossei (DAB)
157
Which muscles adduct the fingers?
Palmar interossei (PAD)
158
Which muscles abduct the toes?
Dorsal interossei (DAB) of foot
159
Which muscles adduct the toes?
Plantar interossei (PAD) of foot
160
What is the main muscle for thumb opposition?
Opponens pollicis
161
What muscle flexes the big toe?
Flexor hallucis longus
162
What muscle flexes the little toe?
Flexor digiti minimi brevis
163
What muscles form the thenar eminence?
Abductor pollicis brevis, Flexor pollicis brevis, Opponens pollicis, Adductor pollicis
164
What muscles form the hypothenar eminence?
Abductor digiti minimi, Flexor digiti minimi brevis, Opponens digiti minimi
165
What nerve injury causes foot drop?
Common fibular (peroneal) nerve injury
166
What nerve injury causes 'ape hand' deformity?
Median nerve injury
167
What nerve injury causes 'claw hand' deformity?
Ulnar nerve injury
168
What muscle weakness causes Trendelenburg gait?
Gluteus medius weakness
169
What injury causes tennis elbow?
Lateral epicondylitis (extensor tendon inflammation)
170
What injury causes golfer’s elbow?
Medial epicondylitis (flexor tendon inflammation)
171
What condition involves inflammation of plantar fascia?
Plantar fasciitis
172
What syndrome compresses the sciatic nerve under the piriformis muscle?
Piriformis syndrome
173
What condition involves dangerous pressure buildup in muscle compartments?
Compartment syndrome
174
What muscle group is often involved in thoracic outlet syndrome?
Scalene muscles
175
What symptom would you expect with tibial nerve injury?
Weak plantarflexion, toe flexion, foot instability
176
What symptom would you expect with radial nerve injury?
Wrist drop (inability to extend wrist)
177
What muscle group stabilizes the shoulder joint?
Rotator cuff muscles (SITS)
178
What are the characteristics of Type I muscle fibers?
Slow-twitch, fatigue-resistant, aerobic metabolism
179
What are the characteristics of Type IIa muscle fibers?
Fast-twitch, intermediate fatigue resistance, aerobic and anaerobic metabolism
180
What are the characteristics of Type IIb (IIx) muscle fibers?
Fast-twitch, low fatigue resistance, anaerobic metabolism
181
Which muscle fiber type is best for endurance?
Type I fibers
182
Which muscle fiber type is best for sprinting and explosive power?
Type IIb fibers
183
What proteins regulate contraction in skeletal and cardiac muscle?
Troponin and tropomyosin
184
What protein regulates contraction in smooth muscle?
Calmodulin (no troponin in smooth muscle)
185
How is calcium used differently in smooth muscle compared to skeletal muscle?
In smooth muscle, calcium binds to calmodulin, not troponin
186
What type of junctions allow cardiac muscle cells to contract together?
Gap junctions in intercalated discs
187
What shape are smooth muscle cells?
Spindle-shaped
188
How many nuclei are typically found in smooth muscle cells?
One
189
What is the primary energy source for cardiac muscle?
Aerobic respiration (lots of mitochondria)
190
What is a first-class lever?
Fulcrum between load and effort (like a seesaw)
191
Example of first-class lever in the body?
Neck extension (nodding head)
192
What is a second-class lever?
Load between fulcrum and effort (like a wheelbarrow)
193
Example of second-class lever in the body?
Standing on tiptoes (gastrocnemius lifts heel)
194
What is a third-class lever?
Effort between load and fulcrum (most common in body)
195
Example of third-class lever in the body?
Biceps flexing the elbow
196
What muscles support the medial longitudinal arch of the foot?
Tibialis posterior, Flexor hallucis longus, Flexor digitorum longus
197
What muscles support the lateral longitudinal arch?
Fibularis longus and brevis
198
What muscle is key for 'push-off' in gait?
Flexor hallucis longus (big toe flexor)
199
What condition involves shin pain along the tibia?
Shin splints (often tibialis anterior strain)
200
Which muscles medially rotate the thigh?
Gluteus medius, Gluteus minimus, Tensor fasciae latae
201
Which muscles laterally rotate the thigh?
Piriformis, Obturators, Gemelli, Quadratus femoris
202
Which muscles dorsiflex and invert the foot?
Tibialis anterior
203
Which muscles plantarflex and invert the foot?
Tibialis posterior
204
Mnemonic for rotator cuff muscles?
SITS (Supraspinatus, Infraspinatus, Teres minor, Subscapularis)
205
Mnemonic for muscle wrappings outer to inner?
Every Person Eats Meat (Epimysium, Perimysium, Endomysium, Myofibrils)
206
Mnemonic for muscle contraction cycle?
H.A.P.D. (Hydrolyze ATP, Attach, Power stroke, Detach)
207
Mnemonic for superficial forearm flexors?
Pass, Fail, Pass, Fail
208
Mnemonic for hand interossei?
PAD (Palmar Adduct), DAB (Dorsal Abduct)
209
Mnemonic for deep posterior leg muscles?
Tom, Dick, And Nervous Harry
210
Mnemonic for foot muscle layers?
A Funny Abduction, Quadratus Lifts Funny Adductors, PAD and DAB
