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Block 12 > Muscle Groups Of Lower Limb > Flashcards

Muscle Groups Of Lower Limb Flashcards

1
Q

What is the fascia Lata

A

Section of the deep fascia of the lower limb that extends from the inguinal ligament (essentially a continuation of scarpers fascia) to the knee.

(Fascia is around the thigh)

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2
Q

Which two muscles does the fascia lata encapsulate

A

Tensor fascia lata and gluteus maximum

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3
Q

What is the superior opening of the fascia lata called

A

Cribriform fascia where the great saphenous vein drains into the femoral vein (from medial malleolus to femoral vein)

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4
Q

What is the iliotibial band

A

From a lateral aspect is the thickening of the fascia lata which has the following attachments:

  • iliac crest
  • tibia
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5
Q

What is the crural fascia

A

Continuation of the crural fascia below the knee with fuses with the periosteum of the tibial bone

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6
Q

Thickening of the crural fascia forms

A

Extensor retinacula of the ankle (tendon stability)

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7
Q

How does the fascia split the lower limb into compartments

A

Fascia lata:
Anterior compartment
Medial compartment
Posterior compartment

Crural fascia:
Anterior
Lateral
Posterior

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8
Q

Below the calf the interosseous membrane helps to split which two compartments

A

Anterior and posterior

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9
Q

What is special about the posterior compartment of the crural fascia

A

Actually split into two: superficial and deep by the transverse intermuscular septum

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10
Q

What is compartment syndrome

A

Deep fascia is fibrous tissue that compartmentalises muscle groups. As it is fibrous tissue it doesn’t stretch much so pressure will build up thus negatively affecting the structures within the compartment

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11
Q

What can cause compartment syndrome

A

More volume within the structure/compartment raises pressure —> can start compressing things
1 Increased fluid in compartment:
Eg closed fracture that results in haemorrhage
Or direct trauma to blood vessel
Or introducing fluid that misses the vein

2) constriction of compartment:
Eg following surgery reclosing fascia too tightly
Or skin scarring and contraction due to burns

3) external compression:
Splint or cast too tight

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12
Q

What are the 6 Ps of compartment syndrome

A

Pulse is present
Pain
Pressure
Paresis
Paraesthesia
Pink

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13
Q

In the gluteal region which types of muscles are there that act only on the hip

A

Abductors
Rotators
Extensors

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14
Q

What does the iliac region contain

A

Hip flexors

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15
Q

What types of muscles in anterior compartment of thigh

A

Hip flexors and knee extensors

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16
Q

What type of muscles in medial compartment of thigh

A

Hip adductors

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17
Q

What type of muscles in the posterior compartment of the thigh

A

Hip extensors and knee flexors

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18
Q

What type of muscles in the anterior leg

A

Ankle extensors and dorsiflexors

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19
Q

What muscles types present in lateral leg

A

Ankle everters

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20
Q

What type of muscles in posterior compartment of leg

A

Ankle flexors and plantar flexors

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21
Q

What muscle types in anterior compartment of foot

A

Extensors

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22
Q

What type of muscle in posterior compartment of foot

A

Flexors

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23
Q

Which muscles are present in the anterior compartment of the thigh ( hip flexors and knee extensors)

A
  • quadriceps femoris which is formed by rectus femoris, vastus muscles (medialis, intermedius (deep to rectus femoris) and lateralis)
  • sartorius (helps to sit cross legged) is a hip flexor but since it attaches to back of knee can also be a knee flexor.
  • pectineus (predominantly hip adductor due to fibre orientation but also is a hip flexor. Sometimes innervated by obturator nerve)
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24
Q

What are the attachments of the rectus femoris

A

Anterior inferior iliac spine to the knee forming the quadriceps femoris tendon

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25
Q

Which artery and nerve supplies the anterior compartment of the thigh (hip flexors and knee extensors)

A

Femoral artery

Femoral nerve ( L2-L4 post)

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26
Q

From the anterior compartment of the thigh which muscles extend the knee

A

Quadriceps femoris

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27
Q

From the anterior compartment of the thigh which muscles flex the hip

A

Sartorius
Pectineus
Rectus femoris

28
Q

Which muscles are contained within the medial compartment of the thigh (hip adductors )

A
  • adductors brevis
  • adductor longus
  • adductor Magnus (sits much deeper and is very large muscle)
  • obturator externus
  • Gracilis (pubic bone to the tibia)
29
Q

What artery and nerve supplies the medial compartment of the thigh (hip adductors)

A
  • obturator nerve (L2-L4 ant)

Obturator artery

30
Q

What is the femoral triangle

A

Anatomical triangle which contains the femoral artery, vein and nerve

31
Q

What forms the superior boundary of the femoral triangle

A

Inguinal ligament which runs from the anterior superior iliac spine to the pubic tubercle

32
Q

What forms the lateral boundary of the femoral triangle

A

Sartorius

33
Q

What forms the medial boundary of the femoral triangle

A

Adductor longus

34
Q

What forms the floor of the femoral triangle

A

Pectineus, illiopsoas and adductor longus

35
Q

What forms the roof of the femoral triangle

A

Fascia lata

36
Q

What is contained within the femoral triangle (most lateral to medial)

A

Femoral nerve (runs over iliopsoas)
Femoral artery
Femoral vein
Lymphatics

NAVY mnemonic

37
Q

Why is the femoral triangle clinically significant

A

Femoral venipuncture

Femoral catheter

Femoral hernia

38
Q

What is the adductor canal

A

Passage which allows the F. Artery and vein from the femoral triangle to descend to the back. Does this by running along sartorius to the adductor hiatus which is formed by the two attachments of the adductor Magnus near the knee. Travel through the hiatus to the popliteal fossa

39
Q

What is the anterior boundary of the adductor canal

A

Sartorius

40
Q

What is the posterior/medial boundary of the adductor canal

A

Adductor longus and Magnus

41
Q

What is the medial boundary of the adductor canal

A

Vastus medialis

42
Q

What is the lumbar plexus

A

Runs from T12 to L5

Both femoral nerve and obturator nerve derive from L2-L4

Femoral nerve = posterior division

Obturator nerve = anterior division (comes in through the obturator foramen)

43
Q

Which muscles make up the posterior compartment of the thigh ( hip extensors and knee flexors)

A
  • semi tendinosus - medially
  • semimembranosus (deep to above one) medially
  • biceps femoris ( has two heads;long + short) laterally
  • adductor magnus* (has two parts, one acts as an adductor- obturator nerve. The one that attaches to adductor tubercle runs vertically so acts as a hip extensor so will be innervated by sciatic nerve)
44
Q

Which nerve and artery supply the posterior compartment muscles of the thigh

A

Sciatic nerve (splits into tibial and fibular ) tibial supplies this compartment except short head of biceps femoris which is supplied by fibular nerve

Profunda femoris artery (is a deep branch of femoral artery) and its perforating branches

45
Q

What actions do the muscles of the posterior compartment of thigh do

A

Extend hip L4 L5

Flex knee L5 S1

46
Q

What are the muscles of the gluteal region

A

Gluteus maximus (extensor) , medius and minimus (both abductors)

Piriformis

Obturator internus + superior and inferior gemelli

Quadratus femoris

These 3 externally/laterally rotate hip

Tensor fascia latae

47
Q

What is the nerve and arterial supply to the gluteal region

A

Superior and inferior gluteal nerves

N to OI and sup gemellus

N to QF and inf gemellus

N to piriformis

Superior and inferior gluteal arteries that are branches of internal iliac and come through the sciatic foramen

48
Q

What does the superior gluteal nerve supply

A

Gluteus medius and minimus

Tensor fascia latae

49
Q

What does the inferior gluteal nerve innervate

A

Gluteus maximus

50
Q

What are the muscles in the anterior compartment of the leg (dorsiflexors)

A
  • tibialis anterior (also inverter of foot)
  • extensor hallucis longus
  • extensor digitorum longus
  • fibularis tertius (everter of foot)
51
Q

What nerve and arterial supply is there to anterior compartment of leg

A

Deep fibular nerve

Anterior tibial artery

52
Q

What are the muscles of the lateral compartment of the leg (everters of foot)

A

Fibularis longus

Fibularis brevis

53
Q

What nerve and artery supply the lateral compartment of the leg

A

Superficial fibular nerve ( common fibular nerve at knee splits into superficial and deep, latter supplies anterior compartment)

Fibular artery* (actually is in the posterior compartment of the leg but the perforating branches enter the lateral compartment through the intermuscular septum to supply the everters

54
Q

What muscles are present in the superficial posterior compartment of the leg (plantar flexors)

A
  • gastrocnemius (has two heads/bellies)
  • soleus (deep to the gastrocnemius) both above give off calcaneal/achilles tendon)
  • plantaris (has a v v long tendon but not a powerful plantar flexor, instead v helpful for proprioception)

Gastrocnemius and soleus together known as triceps surae)

55
Q

What are the deep muscles of the posterior compartment of the leg (plantar flexors)

A

Tibialis posterior

Flexor digitorum longus

Flexor hallucis longus

Popliteus

56
Q

What nerve and artery supply the posterior compartment of the leg

A

Posterior tibial artery

Tibial nerve

57
Q

What is the sup/lat boundary of popliteal fossa

A

Biceps femoris

58
Q

What is the sup/med boundary of popliteal fossa

A

Semitendinosus and semimebranosus

59
Q

What is the inf/lat boundary of the popliteal fossa

A

Lat head of gastrocnemius and plantaris

60
Q

What is the inf/med boundary of popliteal fossa

A

Medial head of gastrocnemius

61
Q

What are the contents of the popliteal fossa

A

Popliteal artery and vein

Tibial nerve

Small saphenous vein

62
Q

How would femoral nerve neuropathy present

A

Altered hip flexion and knee extension
(Affects the anterior compartment of thigh - motor)

Sensory = medial thigh, anterior and medial leg)

63
Q

How would sciatic nerve neuropathy present

A

Altered hip extension and knee flexion

As sciatic nerve supplies posterior compartment of thigh, all of leg and foot (motor)

Sensory deficits = posterior thigh and distal lower limb

64
Q

Innervation to the subscapularis muscle

A

Subscapular nerve

65
Q

Innervation to supraspinatus and infraspinatus muscle

A

Suprascapular nerve

66
Q

Teres minor Innervation

A

Axillary nerve

Block 12 (11 decks)

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