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BPK 306 > Muscle Metabolism > Flashcards

Muscle Metabolism Flashcards

(57 cards)

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1
Q

Name energy sources and order in fastest to slowest activation during exercise

A

1 ATP + creative phosphate
2 Anaerobic glycolysis: muscle glycogen
3 Aerobic oxidation: muscle glycogen, plasma glucose, liver glycogen
4 Aerobic oxidation: plasma FFA, adipose tissue triglycerides

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2
Q

How much stored ATP is in skeletal muscle fibres

A

Enough for 3 seconds of contraction

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3
Q

What is PCr and what is it used for

A

Creatine phosphate (PCr)- high energy compound
Quickly broken down to make ATP

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4
Q

How much energy is supplied by PCr

A

Creatine phosphate
Energy for 10 seconds of contraction

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5
Q

ATP + creatine breakdown equation for muscles at rest vs working muscles

A

Muscles at rest: ATP from metabolism + creatine -> ADP + phosphocreatine

Working muscles: phosphocreatine + ADP -> creatine + ATP
- Enzyme- creatine kinase
- High energy phosphate group of phosphocreatine is transferred to ADP to produce ATP
- Phosphocreatine is constant source of energy during muscle contraction

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6
Q

What is the order compounds are used for energy

A

Glucose
Glycogen
FFA
Amino acids
Ketone bodies

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7
Q

What body part can’t consume FFA for fuel

A

Brain

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8
Q

What energy sources can the brain use

A

Glucose
Ketones

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9
Q

What energy source do normal cells use

A

Glucose or FFA

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10
Q

What is the absorptive phase

A

Absorb nutrients to convert to ATP
Occurs after a meal and body digesting

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11
Q

What is the post absorptive state

A

Break down glycogen and FFA
Occur when sleep or fast- food has been digested, absorbed, stored

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12
Q

Example of effective stored energy (ATP is not stored)

A

Triglycerides

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13
Q

What allows cells to uptake glucose

A

Insulin
GLUT 4- protein transporter

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14
Q

Output fuel required % of resting metabolic rate and activity/movement

A

60-70% resting metabolic rate
25-30% movement/activity

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15
Q

What is resting metabolic rate

A

Amount of fuel required for daily business

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16
Q

What is homeostasis

A

The body’s tendency to maintain constant internal environment

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17
Q

Primary energy source at rest

A

Circulating FFA

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18
Q

Input and output of anaerobic glycolysis

A

Glucose (6C)
2 pyruvate (3C) + 2ATP

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19
Q

What adds glucose to liver

A

Glycogen synthases

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20
Q

How much glycogen can the liver store

A

100g

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21
Q

What removes glucose molecules from glycogen

A

Glycogen phosphorylase

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22
Q

What converts glucose-6-phosphate to glucose

A

Glucose-6-phosphatase IN LIVER NOT IN MUSCLE
Removes phosphate

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23
Q

What can contribute to blood/plasma glucose levels and why

Study These Flashcards
A

Liver can
Not possible in muscles- no glucose-6-phosphatase

24
Q

When is muscle glycogen used

Study These Flashcards
A

During exercise

25
How much glycogen can muscles store
400g
26
What is glycogenolysis
Muscle glycogen broken down into glucose
27
What enzymes are in muscles relating to glucose
Glycogen phosphorylase NO GLUCOSE-6-PHOSPHATASE
28
What is glycogen loading
Increasing carbohydrate intake before an endurance race to build up muscle glycogen
29
What do muscles use to produce ATP
Glucose-6-phosphate
30
How can we make ATP
Glucose Amino acids Free fatty acids
31
Glycolysis input and output and amount of contraction time provided
Anaerobic- no O2 required Glucose 2 pyruvate + 2 ATP (lactic acid is byproduct) 90 seconds contraction
32
What does lactic acid cause
Perception of fatigue and muscle soreness
33
Aerobic respiration input and output and amount of contraction time provided
O2 required Acetyl CoA 36 ATP Slowest regeneration of ATP route Occurs in mitochondria
34
Fatiguability of type 1 and type 2 motor units
Type 1- low (oxidative capacity high) Type 2- high (glycolytic capacity high)
35
What is FATP
Fatty acid transport proteins
36
How can we go from FFA to acetyl CoA
Beta oxidation
37
How are fats broken down in adipose tissue
Lipolysis
38
How do FFA circulate in the blood
Bound to albumin
39
How do FFA enter muscle cells
Fatty acid transport proteins
40
What does glucokinase do
Convert glucose to glucose-6-phosphate
41
How do FFA cross mitochondria membrane
Carnitine palmityltransferases
42
What is produced after every beta oxidation cycle
2 carbons removed Generate 1 acetyl CoA
43
What do the FFA products participate in after
Oxidative phosphorylation- Kreb Cycle BYPASS GLYCOLYSIS
44
Products of FFA breakdown
17 ATP 1 FADH2 1 NADH
45
How much energy do you get from lipids, carbs, proteins
9 kcal/g lipids 4 kcal/g carbs/proteins Get more energy from fats
46
What needs to happen before amino acids can be oxidized
Transamination Transfer amino group to another molecule (get rid of NH3) Amino group must be removed b/c it gives rise to ammonia (toxic)
47
How do amino acids get to the kreb cycle
Amino acids -> pyruvate -> Acetyl CoA Bypasses glycolysis
48
Explain all energy related activities at rest
- Circulating fatty acids are primary energy source - O2 is abundant = aerobic metabolism used - glucose taken in is stored as glycogen - phosphocreatine reserves are built up
49
Explain all energy related activities during moderate activity
- phosphocreatine reserves are used first (quickly used up) - aerobic metabolism of fatty acids and glucose released from glycogen stores to make ATP
50
Explain all energy related activities for intense activity
- muscles lack O2 to support mitochondria - rely on glycolysis for ATP - pyruvic acid build up, is converted to lactic acid
51
How is mitochondrial DNA inherited
Maternal inheritance
52
What is mitochondrial DNA susceptible to
Mutation Not protected like nuclear DNA
53
How have we been able to identity evolutionary relationships
mtDNA
54
What are mitochondrial diseases associated with
Lactic acidosis (lots of lactic acid build up) Exercise related
55
Mitochondrial disease effects on skeletal muscle
Weakness Fatigue Exercise intolerance Myopathy (dysfunction muscle fibres) Hypotonia (decreased muscle tone)
56
Explain Mitochondrial donor process for embryo repair
Parent- nucleus removed Donor- embryo and mitochondria stay while nucleus removed/destroyed Result- parents nucleus in donors embryo
57
Explain mitochondrial donor process for egg repair
Mother- nucleus removed Donor- egg and mitochondria stay. Nucleus removed/destroyed Result- mothers nucleus in donor egg

BPK 306 (18 decks)

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