Muscle (Non-mammalian)

Question 1

What bone do the main muscles used to power flight attach to?

Answer 1

The sternum (enlarged in birds)

Question 2

What muscles in birds are used to pull down the wing and produce the ‘power stroke’?

Answer 2

Pectoral muscles.

Question 3

What does the supracoracoideus muscle do?

Answer 3

Pulls up the wing for the return stroke during flight.

Question 4

How do the skin muscles help with a bird’s flight?

Answer 4

They are attached to the feather follicles and can move the feathers in different directions to assist the flight.

Question 5

When is the total muscle fibre number fixed in birds?

Answer 5

By the final stage of embryo.

Question 6

What is MUSTN-1?

Answer 6

Musculoskeletal embryonic nuclear protein.

Key gene in skeletal muscle development.

Question 7

What are the 3 main differences between flying and flightless birds?

Answer 7

Colour of the muscle fibre
Body mass
Function of the pectoral and supracoracoideus

Question 8

What is the maximum percentage mass of a birds body that the pactoralis can be?

Answer 8

35%

Question 9

What does the ratio of fibres depend on in birds?

Answer 9

The species.

Question 10

Which group of animals gram for gram have the most muscle?

Answer 10

Fish.

Question 11

What separates a myotome in fish?

Answer 11

connective tissue.

Question 12

What are the muscles of the upper and lower segments of a fish body called?

Answer 12

UPPER- Epaxial

LOWER- Hypaxial

Question 13

What are the 3 muscle types in fish?

Answer 13

Red
White
Pink

Question 14

Why do fish have spongy myocardial muscle?

Answer 14

The heart doesn’t take in oxygenated blood, spongy muscle is able to take in small amounts of oxygen that remains in the deoxygenated blood.

Question 15

What does the bulbs arterioles of the fish heart do?

Answer 15

Reduces pressure so that the blood is less likely to damage the delicate gill walls.

Question 16

What muscle type makes up the majority of muscle in fish?

Answer 16

White.

Question 17

Why is red muscle darker than white muscle?

Answer 17

Capillaries (White muscle is anaerobic and so needs fewer capillaries)
Myoglobin concentration.

Question 18

What are the two swimming modes in fish?

Answer 18

Body and caudal fin (BCF)

Median and paired fin (MPF)

Question 19

What is ram ventilation in fish?

Answer 19

When fish ceases active ventilation and opens its mouth and allows force of its speed to pass water over its gills.

Question 20

How many chambers does a reptile heart have?

Answer 20

3. (non crocodilian)

Question 21

How does the heart rate of reptile compare to that of birds and mammals?

Answer 21

It is lower.

Question 22

What is bite force controlled by in crocodiles?

Answer 22

Muscle mass.

Question 23

What muscles is eating controlled by in snakes?

Answer 23

Intermandibular muscles.

Question 24

What allows for an undulatory movement in snakes?

Answer 24

The muscles are segmented and overlap.

Question 25

What is the special about tendons in snakes?

Answer 25

They are elongated to connect muscles.

Question 26

How are the muscles of sea turtles used to breath under high pressures?

Answer 26

Abdominal muscles are used for breathing rather than diaphragm.

Question 27

What are the four types of muscles in insects?

Answer 27

Visceral Segmental Appendicular Flight

Question 28

How many muscles do caterpillars have?

Answer 28

4000

Question 29

What are the visceral muscles of insects?

Answer 29

Striated involuntary muscles that line the organs.

Question 30

What are segmental muscles and what are they needed for?

Answer 30

Needed for the contractions of the segments, for moulting, breathing and locomotion in larvae.

Question 31

What allows locomotion in insects?

Answer 31

Contraction and relaxation of agonistic and antagonistic muscles.

Question 32

How is power from the muscles transmitted to the wing for flight?

Answer 32

Via the hardened parts of the skeleton.

Question 33

Name the different types of flight muscle in insects.

Answer 33

Direct and indirect Power and control Bi-functional Synchronous and asynchronous.

Question 34

What do the power muscles do during flight?

Answer 34

Drive the oscillations of the wing.

Question 35

What are the control muscles essential for?

Answer 35

Flight stability and direction.

Question 36

What are the two types of flight in insects?

Answer 36

Bi-motor | High frequency

Question 37

What is the most powerful muscle on earth?

Answer 37

Tongue of the giant palm salamander.

Question 38

How is the tongue forced out of the mouth in amphibians?

Answer 38

Tongue projector muscles.

Question 39

What are the three main muscle functions in amphibians?

Answer 39

Movement Heat generation Posture

Question 40

What are the two types of respiration in amphibians?

Answer 40

Pulmonary | Buccopharyngeal.

Question 41

What type of muscle in amphibians possesses a high regenerative capacity?

Answer 41

Skeletal muscle.

Question 42

give an example of epimorphic regeneration

Answer 42

e.g. limb regeneration in salamander.