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Physio EXAM 3 > Muscle Physiology > Flashcards

Muscle Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Origin

A

Closest to the trunk or to more stationary bone

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2
Q

Insertion

A

More distal or more mobile attachment

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3
Q

Brings bones together; muscle that is connected to a flexible joint (contraction)

A

Flexor

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4
Q

Moves bones away

A

Extensor

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5
Q

Flexor-extensor pairs form _____ muscle groups

A

Antagonistic

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6
Q

These cells differentiate into muscle for growth or repair

A

Satellite cells (stem cells)

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7
Q

Muscle cells are called ____

A

muscle fibers

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8
Q

Holds muscle to bone with tendon

A

Connective tissue

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9
Q

Cell membrane

A

Sarcolemma

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10
Q

Sarcoplasm

A

Cytoplasm

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11
Q

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum

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12
Q

Function of T-tubules

A

Bring action potentials into interior of muscle fiber

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13
Q

Type of thin filament that forms a cross bridge with thick filaments

A

Actin

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14
Q

Type of thick filament with the ability to create movement

A

Myosin

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15
Q

2 Regulatory proteins

A

Tropomyosin and troponin

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16
Q

Accessory proteins (2)

A

Titin and Nebulin

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17
Q

The contractile unit of the myofibril

A

Sarcomere

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18
Q

___ disks have filaments between them

A

Z disks

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19
Q

___ band is made of thin filaments only (actin)

A

I band

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20
Q

____ band is made of darker regions where both light and heavy filaments overlap

A

A band

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21
Q

____ zone is a clear band in the middle of the A band, heavy filaments only

A

H zone

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22
Q

___ line represents the proteins to which heavy filaments attach

A

M line

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23
Q

What is the function of titin?

A

Provides elasticity and stabilizes myosin

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24
Q

Function of Nebulin

A

Aligns actin filaments

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25
Q

The force created by muscle

A

Muscle tension

26
Q

Weight or force opposing contraction

A

Load

27
Q

Creation of tension in muscle

A

Contraction

28
Q

What happens at neuromuscular junction:

A

Conversion of AcH signal from somatic motor neuron into an electrical signal in the muscle fiber

29
Q

Process in which muscle action potentials are translated into calcium signals

A

Excitation-contraction coupling (E-C)

30
Q

Sliding filament theory of contraction

A

Contraction-relaxation cycle

31
Q

Myosin cross bridge swivels and pulls actin toward M line; initiated by calcium signal

A

Power stroke

32
Q

Are myosin heads released in unison?

A

No

33
Q

Energy by ATP ___ hydrolysis is trapped by myosin and stored as energy

A

hydrolysis

34
Q

What neurotransmitter is released from the somatic motor neuron and initiated E-C coupling?

A

Acetylcholine

35
Q

ACh binds to receptors on the _____

A

sarcolemma

36
Q

Calcium binds with ___ to initiate contraction

A

Troponin

37
Q

What happens during relaxation?

A

Calcium is pumped back to sarcoplasmic reticulum via Ca-ATPase

38
Q

The short delay between muscle AP and beginning of muscle tension development

A

Latent period

39
Q

Resting muscle stores energy from ATP in bonds of ______

A

phosphocreatine

40
Q

Anaerobic glycolysis produces (2)

A

lactate and acid

41
Q

Which one releases the largest amt of energy: aerobic or anaerobic respiration?

A

Aerobic - but is also slow

42
Q

Central fatigue is due to factors that are centered in ____

A

CNS

43
Q

Peripheral fatigue due to factors from ______

A

neuromuscular junction to muscle contraction

44
Q

Short-duration maximal exertion leads to ____

A

increased levels of Pi

45
Q

What 2 things is skeletal muscle classified by?

A

Speed and fatigue resistance

46
Q

Maximal contraction

A

Tetanus

47
Q

Stronger contraction when the muscle does not relax completely between action potentials

A

Summation

48
Q

What is a motor unit composed of?

A

One motor neuron and its muscle fibers

49
Q

___ contractions move loads: ____ contractions create force without movement

A

Isotonic; isometric

50
Q

Isotonic “concentric” action is a ______ action, while “eccentric” is a ____ action

A

Shortening; lengthening

51
Q

Bones form levers while joints form ___

A

fulcrums

52
Q

Contraction pattern of PHASIC smooth muscles

A

Periodic

53
Q

Contraction pattern of TONIC smooth muscles

A

Continuous

54
Q

Can sustain contractions for extended periods without fatiguing

A

Smooth muscle

55
Q

Smooth muscle is controlled by the ____ and lacks ____

A

autonomic nervous system; sarcomeres

56
Q

In smooth muscle contraction, the calcium comes from what two places?

A

ECF and sarcoplasmic reticulum

57
Q

yIn smooth muscle contraction, Calcium binds ____

A

Calmodulin

58
Q

Calmodulin activates ____ which then phosphorylates MLC (enhancing myosin ATPase activity)

A

Myosin light chain kinase (MLCK)

59
Q

Dephosphorylation due to myosin light chain phosphorylase (MLCP) controls ___ sensitivity

A

Calcium

60
Q

Contraction caused by electrical signaling

A

Electromechanical coupling

61
Q

Contraction caused by chemical signaling

A

pharmacomechanical coupling

Physio EXAM 3 (1 decks)

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