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Kinesiology > Muscle Physiology > Flashcards

Muscle Physiology Flashcards

(67 cards)

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1
Q

What are smooth muscles?

A

Found in most organs
Involuntary contractions

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2
Q

What are cardiac muscles?

A

Found in the heart
Involuntary contractions

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3
Q

What are skeletal muscles

A

Muscle that is attached to bone

Comprise 30-40% of human weight

Voluntary contractions

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4
Q

Muscle

A

Largest bundle

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5
Q

Radicle

A

Bundles of muscle fibers

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6
Q

Muscle fiber

A

One skeletal muscle cell

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7
Q

Myofibriles

A

A bundle of myofilament forming

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8
Q

Myofilaments

A

A protein microfilament responsible for the contraction of a muscle

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9
Q

Tendon

A

The end of the muscle that attaches to the bone

It is composed of large white fibrous protein called collagen

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10
Q

Fascia

A

A layer of connective tissue b/w the muscles or separating the muscle from the skin

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11
Q

Epimysium

A

Surrounds the muscle

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12
Q

Perimesium

A

Binds muscle fiber bundles

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13
Q

Endometrium

A

Surrounds each muscle fiber

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14
Q

Myosin

A

Thick filament that forms the basis for muscular contraction

Myosin resembles a golf club. The tails are found in the center while the heads (cross bridges) are found at the perimeter

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15
Q

Actin

A

Thin filament

One actin thin filament spans 2 sacromere

Interacts with the myosin cross bridges

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16
Q

Troponin & troposmyosin

A

Smaller filaments found in the actin

Small proteins that are important in controlling the interactions b/w actin & sufficient calcium is not present

If sites found on the actin, this inhibits contractions

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17
Q

Sacromere

A

One contractile unit within a muscle

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18
Q

Z line

A

Represents the boundaries of the sacromere, they run perpendicular to the fibers of the sacromere

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19
Q

I band

A

Area of actin at the end of a sacromere

This band spans 2 sacromere

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20
Q

A band

A

Defined by the length of the myosin filament

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21
Q

H zone

A

Small area in the a band where the actin does not extend

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22
Q

M line

A

Center of the thick myosin filament

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23
Q

Cell body

A

The gray matter of the nerve cell bodies which are found in the spinal column or outlying ganglia

The necessary materials which allow for the growth of the neuron are found here

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24
Q

Axon

A

Fibres that conduct the impulse from the cell body to the fibres of the muscle

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25
Dendrite
Extensions from the cell body that receive info for the neuron
26
Myelin
A fatty sheath around the axon This sheath allows for the nerve impulse to travel very fast down an axon It allows the impulse to leap along the axon in the periodic gaps (nodes) b/w the myelin
27
Node of ranvier
The periodic gaps that appear in the myelinated nerves Rather than passing through each section of the nerve, an impulse will leap from node to node. This is known as saltatory conduction and allows for conduction speed in excess of 100m/s
28
Synapse
A junction at the end of an axon through which the neuron can stimulate another cell
29
Axon terminal
End of the motor neuron
30
ACh
A neurotransmitter released by neurons
31
Motor unit
Made up of a motor neuron and the muscle fibers It is the path that sends to the message from the CNS to the muscles
32
ACh receptors
Receptors found at the neuromuscular junction They bind with ACh causing gated ion channels to open
33
Gated ion channels or voltage gated ion channels
These channels are responsible for creating action potential within a muscle cell. When opened (Na+) flows into the cell & K+ flows out. Since more Na+ flows in then K+ flows out. The cell becomes polarized (excited) which creates action potential to travel across the cell
34
T tubules
Found in the z line. Provide pathway for electrochemical activity deep in the muscle
35
Sacroplasmic reticulum (SR)
A smooth endoplasmic reticulum of a muscle cell that serves as a calcium reserve
36
Sliding filament theory
SLIDING THEORY: Ca is released to remove troponin & tropomyosin from the binding sites on the actin Actin binds to myosin head Head releases actin High energy phosphate “energizes” myosin Crossbridge (head) attaches to actin Tilt Moves actin along myosin (causing shortening/contracting of the muscle power stroke)
37
excitation-contraction cycle
1. Action potential travels down the axon until it reaches the neuromuscular joint 2. ACh is released from the axon & binds to the receptors that are found on the muscle cell 3. ACh opens the voltage gated Na+ channels 4. When channels are open Na+ flows into the muscle cell and K+ flows out 5. This flows of Na+ in & K+ out of the cell causes for the cell to become depolarized (excited) 6. This depolarization flows down the t-tubule which is connected to the sacroplasmic reticulum 7. When excited the sacroplasmic reticulum releases calcium
38
CNS
Composed of the brain & spinal cord
39
PNS
Parts of nervous system that lie outside the CNS Consists of 12 cranial nerves, 31 spinal nerves The PNS contains motor neurons, interneurons & sensory neurons
40
Motor neurons (efferent)
Carry info from the CNS to the body
41
Interneurons
Located within the CNS Directs incoming & outgoing impulses to the proper area for processing/reaction
42
Sensory neurons (afferent)
Carry info from sensory receptors to CNS
43
Autonomic nervous system
Under unvoluntary control
44
Sympathetic (ANS)
Causes body adjustments & prepares body for emergencies. Releases adrenaline, increases heart rate, used during fight or flight
45
Parasympathetic (ANS)
Helps body to return to its normal state after altered by the sympathetic system. Decreases heart rate, used during rest or digest
46
Somatic nervous system
Under voluntary contraction Contains afferent & efferent nerves Gives us sensations of pain, heat, balance, muscle action PNS recieves info from receptors
47
Autonomic
Usually involve the activation of smooth muscle or cardiac muscles & glands Regulated BP, digestion, salvation, sweating
48
Somatic
Involve the stimulation of skeletal muscle Reflexes of skeletal muscle is not done consciously
49
Reflex arc
The pathway that the initial stimulus & corresponding response message travel
50
Receptor
Receives stimulus
51
Sensory nerves
Carries impulse to spinal cord or brain
52
Motor nerve
Carries response message from spinal cord/brain to muscle/organ
53
Effector organ
Carries out the response
54
Reaction
Brain CNS is involved in
55
Reflex
Brain CNS is not involved (sensory neuron connects directly to motor neuron)
56
Knee Jerk reflex (ex)
1. Strike patellar ligament ~ stimulates stretch receptors 2. Triggers impulse along sensory neuron to spinal cord 3. Forms synapse with motor neuron ~ impulse travels along motor neuron to muscle (quad) ~ muscle contracts
57
Agonist
Prime mover Primary muscle causes joint to move
58
Antagonist
Muscle on opposite side of joint of the agonist & has opposite action Must reflex when against contracts to allow movement
59
Stabilizers
Muscles surround joint to stabilize it for another limb to move
60
Synergistic
Muscles that assist in the action of agonist Guiding muscles for more refined movement
61
Neutralizer
Counteract action of another muscle ~ prevent undesirable movements
62
Origin
Fixed end of muscle (normally close body’s midline)
63
Insertion
Moveable end of muscle (normally farther from midline) Moves toward origin
64
Slow twitch (muscles contract slowly
Smaller in size Slower conduction velocities Produce less force Energy efficient Best suited for endurance activites
65
Fast twitch (muscles contract fast)
Larger in size Quicker conduction velocities Produces more force Designed for explosiveness, fatigues easily Best suited for strength & power
66
Withdrawal reflex
Painful touch ~ sensory neuron ~ interneurons ~ motor neuron (muscle moves away unconsciously) and brain (feel pain)
67
Cross extensor reflex
This is observed when one leg or arm automatically compensates for a reflex action in the opposing leg or arm Stimulus detected ~ sensory neuron ~ interneurons ~ motor neuron and different motor neuron Activates two responses

Kinesiology (4 decks)

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