Muscle Physiology

Question 1

What is the area where the neuron connects with the muscle?

Answer 1

Muscular Junction

Question 2

What channels are found on the sarcolemma by the synaptic cleft?

Answer 2

Chemically gated Na+ channels

Question 3

What neurotransmitter is used when activating a muscle?

Answer 3

Acetylcholine

Question 4

What happens when the Na+ channels are open on the sarcolemma?

Answer 4

The positive charge will spread along the membrane of the muscle through the T-tubules and activate voltage gated Ca+ channels

Question 5

Whats the name of the cell membrane of muscle fibers?

Answer 5

Sarcolemma

Question 6

What are the three parts of thin filaments?

Answer 6

• Troponin- Tropomyosin- Actin

Question 7

What are extensions of the sarcolemma that transmit the impulse to penetrate the muscle fiber?

Answer 7

T-tubule

Question 8

What are the structures on a muscle fiber that are used to store Ca+?

Answer 8

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

Question 9

When the electrical energy is traveling through the T-tubule it stimulates the release of what?

Answer 9

Ca+ through voltage gated Ca+ channels on the sarcoplasmic reticulum

Question 10

What protein does Ca+ bind to on the thin filament?

Answer 10

Troponin

Question 11

What happens when Ca+ is bound to troponin?

Answer 11

Troponin reorients itself while moving tropomyosin with it, thus exposing the active sites of actin

Question 12

What is troponin attached with?

Answer 12

Tropomyosin

Question 13

What does tropomyosin cover during rest?

Answer 13

Active site on actin

Question 14

What protein is the thick filament made of?

Answer 14

Myosin

Question 15

What are the golf club shaped heads called on thick filament?

Answer 15

Myosin Head

Question 16

What is needed in order for myosin to attach to actin active sites?

Answer 16

ATP

Question 17

What two things is ATP used for during muscle contraction?

Answer 17

• Move myosin head- Detach myosin head from actin active sites

Question 18

How does a muscle fiber contract? Part or all of the fiber?

Answer 18

Maximally (the entire fiber must contract)

Question 19

What is a the basic unit of striated muscle tissue?

Answer 19

Sarcomere

Question 20

In what order is muscle organized?

Answer 20

• Epimysium (Muscle)- Perimysium (Fascicle)- Endomysium (Muscle Fiber)

Question 21

Where are the think filaments and thin filaments attached at?

Answer 21

Z-lines

Question 22

How is muscle attached to bone?

Answer 22

Tendons (CT structures)

Question 23

What is another term for a muscle cell?

Answer 23

Muscle Fiber

Question 24

What does a muscle fiber consist of?

Answer 24

Several myofibrils

Question 25

What is responsible for the striated appearance of muscle tissue?

Answer 25

The thin and thick filaments (Contractile proteins) that overlap

Question 26

What are the contractile proteins?

Answer 26

- Actin (Thin Filament)- Myosin (Thick Filament)

Question 27

What are the three items necessary for muscle contraction?

Answer 27

- Electrical Signal- Calcium- ATP

Question 28

What is the enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine (ACh)?

Answer 28

Acetycholinesterase

Question 29

What is happening when we relax an active muscle fiber?

Answer 29

Ca+ comes off the troponin, where the Ca+ is pumped (Ca+ pump) back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum

Question 30

What are the spring like proteins found in sarcomere?

Answer 30

Elastic Filament (Titin)

Question 31

What is myoglobin?

Answer 31

Excess oxygen for the muscle to use for aerobic respiration

Question 32

What is the protein that aids in the supply of oxygen to the muscle?

Answer 32

Myoglobin

Question 33

What type of fibers are slow twitch fibers?

Answer 33

Type I fibers

Question 34

What type of fibers are fast twitch fibers?

Answer 34

Type II fibers

Question 35

What are the characteristics of Type I fibers?

Answer 35

- Small Diameter- Endurance- Red Color- Dark Spots

Question 36

What are the characteristics of Type II fibers?

Answer 36

- Large Diameter- Fatigue Easily- Strength- Light Color

Question 37

What is the term for all of the muscle fibers controlled by a single neuron?

Answer 37

Motor unit

Question 38

What is a motor unit?

Answer 38

All of the muscle fibers controlled by a single neuron

Question 39

What is the resting tension in a muscle called?

Answer 39

Muscle Tone

Question 40

What is muscle tone?

Answer 40

The resting tension in a muscle

Question 41

What does the strength of a contraction depend on?

Answer 41

The number of motor units recruited

Question 42

What is glycogen?

Answer 42

polysaccharide of glucose that serves as a form of energy storage

Question 43

Where is glycogen stored?

Answer 43

- Liver- Skeletal Muscle

Question 44

What does creatine store?

Answer 44

Phosphates

Question 45

What is the product of used ATP?

Answer 45

ADP

Question 46

What do we do with ADP to reenergize it?

Answer 46

Creatine kinase can transfer a phosphate allowing ADP to become ATP and the excess is creatine

Question 47

What are the properties of Muscle Cells?

Answer 47

- Contractility- Excitability- Conductivity- Extensibility- Elasticity

Question 48

What is the plasma membrane of the muscle cell?

Answer 48

Sarcolemma

Question 49

What is the liquid portion of the cell?

Answer 49

Sarcoplasma

Question 50

What is significant about the sarcolemma?

Answer 50

It is capable of conducting electrical impulses

Question 51

What are extensions of the sarcolemma that penetrate the muscle fiber?

Answer 51

T-Tubules

Question 52

What is a globular protein with an active site on it?

Answer 52

Actin

Question 53

What component binds calcium during contraction?

Answer 53

Troponin

Question 54

What covers the active site on actin during periods of rest?

Answer 54

Tropomyosin

Question 55

What are gold club shaped proteins that bind to the active sites on actin when they are exposed?

Answer 55

Myosin

Question 56

What are the four functional groups of muscle?

Answer 56

- Agonist- Antagonist- Synergist- Fixator

Question 57

(Function) - Agonist

Answer 57

Prime mover

Question 58

(Function) - Antagonist

Answer 58

Opposes

Question 59

(Function) - Synergist

Answer 59

Helper

Question 60

(Function) - Fixator

Answer 60

Stabilizes a bone

Question 61

What is the bone called that remains stationary during a contraction?

Answer 61

Origin

Question 62

What is the bone called that moves during a contraction?

Answer 62

Insertion