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Muscle S9 Flashcards

(51 cards)

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1
Q

muscle primary function

A

transform chemical energy into mechanical energy

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2
Q

mechanical energy can produce…

A
  • equilibrium (posture)
  • force (changes in velocity of muscle shortening)
  • work (displacement)
  • transport (circulation and digestion)
  • heat (maintain body temp)
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3
Q

3 types of muscles

A
  • skeletal
  • cardiac
  • smooth
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4
Q

smooth muscles are the … to contract and to relax.

A

slowest

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5
Q

duration of skeletal muscle twitch

A

shortest, quick

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6
Q

duration of cardiac muscle twitch

A

short

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7
Q

duration of smooth muscle twitch

A

long

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8
Q

skeletal muscle

A

attached to bone by tendon

  • for locomotion and balance
  • voluntary (but also uses reflex)
  • striated
  • multinucleated
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9
Q

cardiac muscles

A
  • attached to blood vessels only
  • for blood circulation
  • involuntary
  • striated
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10
Q

smooth muscles

A
  • attached to wall of organs and blood vessels
  • blood pressure control, digestion, bladder control, air flow
  • involuntary
  • NOT striated
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11
Q

multinucleate skeletal muscle fibre

A

during embryonic development, many myoblasts fuse to form one skeletal muscle fiber

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12
Q

muscle fibre can also be referred to as…

A

muscle cell

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13
Q

involuntary contractions are under the regulation of…

A

ANS (sympa + para) and endocrine

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14
Q

voluntary contractions are under regulation of..

A

somatic nervous system

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15
Q

pacemaking capacity

A
  • in smooth and cardio

- capable of generating action potential that can initiate muscle contraction

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16
Q

pacemaker activities modulated , but not initiated by…

A

autonomic nervous system

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17
Q

Skeletal muscles contract only in response to signal from a..

A

somatic motor neuron

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18
Q

No ANS influence on contraction of skeletal muscle EXCEPT…

A

diaphragm for respiration

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19
Q

5 properties of muscular tissues

A
  • excitability
  • contractibility
  • extensibility
  • elasticity
  • adaptability
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20
Q

excitability

A

-ability to respond to stimuli by production action potentials

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21
Q

cardiac and smooth excitability

Study These Flashcards
A

-electrical stimulus initiated by pacemaker cells

22
Q

skeletal muscle cells excitability

Study These Flashcards
A

chemical stimulus that occurs in neuromuscular junction where ACh is released by motor neuron

23
Q

contractibility

Study These Flashcards
A

ability of muscular tissues to contract forcefully when stimulated by action potentials

  • muscle contraction can produce change in velocity of muscle fibre shortening
  • force is produced to generate movement
24
Q

the greater the change in velocity of muscle fibre shortening, the … the contractility

Study These Flashcards
A

created the contractility

25
contraction without muscle shortening =
no change in muscle length... TENSION
26
extensibility
ability of muscular tissue to stretch without being damaged
27
connective tissue
limits range of extensibility and keep it within functional physiological contractile range
28
elasticity
ability of muscular tissue to return to its original length and shape after contraction or extension
29
nebulin
protein that helps align actin | -lies along the filament, attached to a Z-disk, but does not extend to M line
30
titin
protein that provides elasticity and stabilized myosin | -spans distance from one Z disk to M line
31
adaptability
normally, there should be no alternation in muscle phenotype -but muscular tissue has ability to undergo hypertrophy or atrophy (muscle plasticity)
32
properties of skeletal muscle that are shown to have plasticity..
- force of contraction - contraction speed - endurance - oxidative/glycolytic capacity
33
2 main types of muscle fibre in skeletal muscle
- slow twitch oxidative (type I) | - fast twitch oxidative glycolytic (type II)
34
muscle fiber type classification based on..
- speed of contraction - resistance to fatigue - newer approach based on immunohistochemical labeling of distinct myosin heavy chain isoforms
35
fast twitch oxidative/glycolytic can further be subdivided into...
IIa: fast twitch oxidative | IIb/IIx: fast twitch glycolytic
36
muscle fibres belonging to one motor unit are of the same...
muscle type
37
each muscle is composed of each ... type, with one ... the other
twitch; dominating
38
type I vs type II area, endurance, and energy efficiency
I = small cross-sectional area, high endurance, high energy efficiency
39
slow-twitch oxidative fibres generate .... force
weaker; rate of ATP break is slow, velocity of muscle shortening is slow
40
slow-twitch ox fibres require..
good supply of oxygen (respiration) and ATP to have high endurance and resistance to fatigue
41
fast-twitch oxidative fibres (IIa) generate ... force
stronger; rate of ATP break relatively quicker, velocity of muscle shortening is quicker - ATP production is also aerobic - fatigue resistant, but decreased endurance than type I - high density of blood capillaries
42
type I and type IIa are similar with..
abundance of myoglobin, but IIa has higher density of mitochondria, and more abundant glycogen content to ensure adequate ATP generation for increased rate of ATP hydrolysis
43
creatine phosphate
reservoir for type IIa storage of ATP | -excess ATP during resting state used to synthesize creatine phosphate
44
Creatine + ATP =
creatine phosphate + ADP (relaxed muscle)
45
creatine phosphate + ADP =
creatine + ATP (energy for contracting muscle)
46
fast-twitch glycolytic fibres gerate ... force
very strong; ATP break much quicker than the rest, velocity of muscle shortening much faster - not capable of sufficient oxidative metabolism to sustain prolong contraction - higher glycolytic enzyme activity and creatine phosphate content - poor blood capillary supply - mainly anaerobic - easily fatigued and low in endurance
47
4 main events in excitation-contraction coupling
- ACh released from somatic motor neuron - ACh initiated action potential in muscle fibre - AP travels along sarcolemma into T-tubules and triggers Ca2+ release from SR - Ca2+ binds with TnC and initiates muscle contraction
48
RyR - ryanodine receptor
-Ca2+ release channel in SR
49
DHP - dihydropyridine receptor
L-type calcium channel in T-tubule
50
To end a contraction...
-Ca2+ must be removed from cytosol back to SR thru asarco-endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase (SERCA)
51
sliding filament theory
- ATP binds to myosin - myosin releases actin - myosin hydrolyzes ATP, energy from ATP rotates myosin head to cocked position - myosin binds weakly to actin - power stroke when tropomyosin moves off binding site - myosin releases ADP at end of power stroke

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