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BDS1 Tissues > Muscle Tissue > Flashcards

Muscle Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

What are muscle tissues?

A

Soft tissue specialised for conversion of chemical energy into mechanical energy (specialised for contraction)

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2
Q

What are the functions of skeletal muscle?

A
  • Voluntary movement of skeleton
  • Movement of eye/tongue
  • Sub-conscious movement to maintain posture and balance
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3
Q

What is the structure (main features) of skeletal muscle?

A
  • Un-branched cylindrical cells (muscle fibres)
  • Multiple peripherally located nuclei
  • Striated appearance
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4
Q

What is the striated appearance in skeletal muscle caused by?

A

The arrangement of contractile proteins (myofibrils)

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5
Q

Where is endomysium located in skeletal muscles?

A
  • Around individual muscle fibres
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6
Q

What are fasciculi in skeletal cells?

A

Groups of muscle fibres that are grouped together

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7
Q

Where is perimysium located in skeletal muscles?

A
  • Around each fasciculi
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8
Q

Where is epimysium locates in skeletal muscles?

A
  • Around entire muscle cell
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9
Q

What spreads through the connective tissues of skeletal muscle?

A
  • Blood vessels and nerves
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10
Q

What is skeletal muscle cell structure highly specialised for?

A

Contraction/relaxation

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11
Q

What is each myofibril in skeletal muscle separated from each other by?

A

Sarcoplasm

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12
Q

What is the specialised plasma membrane called in skeletal muscle?

A

Sarcolemma

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13
Q

What is a myofibril?

A

Any of the elongated contractile threads found in striated muscle cells

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14
Q

Why are numerous mitochondria found between myofibrils in skeletal muscle?

A
  • As muscle requires a lot of energy to contract
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15
Q

What is the name for the repeating units myofibrils are composed of?

A

Myofilaments

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16
Q

What are thick myofilaments composed of in skeletal muscle and what colour are they?

A
  • Composed of myosin

- Appear dark in colour

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17
Q

What are thin myofilaments composed of in skeletal muscle and what colour are they?

A
  • Composed of actin

- Appear light in colour

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18
Q

What are the light bands in skeletal muscle bisected by?

A

Z lines

- Z lines divide each myofibril into contractile units called sarcomeres (functional contractile units of muscle)

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19
Q

What mechanism do sarcomeres contract by?

A

Sliding filament mechanism

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20
Q

What is the sliding filament mechanism?

A
  • ATP energy allows myosin to bind to actin

- A conformational change causes the filaments to slide over each other causing the sarcomere to shorten (contract)

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21
Q

What innervates skeletal muscle?

A

Somatic motor neurones

- Individual motor neurones innervate several muscle fibres

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22
Q

What is a ‘motor unit’?

A

A single motor neurone together with all the muscle fibres it innervates

23
Q

How are membranous T tubules formed in skeletal muscle?

A

Sarcolemma invaginates into sarcoplasm

- Continuous with extracellular space

24
Q

What is sarcoplasmic reticulum?

A
  • Network of tubules associated with T tubules and wrapped around myofibrils
  • Ca2+ concentrated with SR (specialised for storage of calcium)
25
Q

What are the functions of cardiac muscle?

A
  • Only found in the heart
  • Specialised for continuous autonomous contractions
  • Pump blood through the CVS
26
Q

What is the structure of cardiac muscle?

A
  • Elongated, branched cylindrical cells
  • 1 or 2 centrally located nuclei
  • Similar arrangement of contractile proteins as in skeletal muscles causes striated appearance
27
Q

What are the 3 layers of the heart wall?

A
  • Pericardium
  • Myocardium
  • Endocardium
28
Q

What is the pericardium?

A
  • Outer supporting tissue layer
29
Q

What is the myocardium?

A
  • Cardiac muscle tissue
30
Q

What is the endocardium?

A
  • Single layer of endothelial cells
31
Q

What are the specialised intercellular junctions that anchor adjacent cardiac cells together?

A

Intercalated disks

32
Q

What are the 5 similarities between skeletal tissue and cardiac tissue?

A
  • Identical arrangement of sarcomeres
  • Contain T tubules and sarcoplasmic reticulum
  • Numerous mitochondria
  • Glycogen and lipid granules
  • Contraction by sliding filament mechanism
33
Q

What are the 5 differences between skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle?

A
  • Cardiac muscles uses autonomous (involuntary contraction) compared to skeletal which is voluntary
  • Cardiac muscles SR slowly leaks Ca2+
  • Cardiac muscle has intercalated disks
  • Modified cardiac muscle cells are known as the conducting system
  • Modulated by external autonomic/hormonal stimuli e.g. in times of stress
34
Q

Is cardiac muscle under voluntary or involuntary control?

A

involuntary

35
Q

What controls the rate of heartbeat in heart?

A
  • Sinoatrial node (pacemaker cells)
36
Q

What is the process of the conducting system of the heart?

A
  • Initiated by SA node
  • L and R atria contact
  • AV node
  • AV bundle (bundle of His)
  • Purkinje fibres
  • Cardiac muscle fibres
37
Q

What do modified cardiac muscles consist of?

A
  • Fewer myofibrils

- No T tubules, no intercalated discs

38
Q

What is the involuntary contraction of cardiac muscle caused by?

A
  • Intrinsic/spontaneous contractile ability
  • Pacemaker cells (SA node)
  • Slow release of Ca2+ from SR
39
Q

What is the rate of inherent rhythm in cardiac muscle modulated by?

A
  • Autonomic nervous stimulation

- Hormonal stimulation

40
Q

What are the functions of smooth muscle?

A
  • Found lining hollow organs
  • Specialised for continuous contractions
  • Typically to proper lumen contents - peristalsis
41
Q

What is the structure of smooth muscle?

A
  • Spindle-shaped cells with tapered ends
  • Single centrally located nuclei
  • No sarcomeres hence no striations
42
Q

What is peristalsis?

A

Movement of food through GI tract

43
Q

What are the 2 layers of smooth muscle in the GIT?

A
  • Inner circular

- Outer longitudinal

44
Q

What does the inner circular layer of smooth muscle do?

A
  • Constricts lumen diameter
45
Q

What does he outer longitudinal layer of smooth muscle do?

A
  • Shortens length
46
Q

What modulates the intensity of peristalsis?

A

Parasympathetic NS

47
Q

Does smooth muscle contain sarcomeres?

A

No

48
Q

Does smooth muscle contain actin and myosin filaments?

A

Yes

49
Q

In what way are actin and myosin arranged in smooth muscle?

A
  • In a criss-cross lattice
50
Q

What is actin and myosin anchored to cytoplasm and the cell membrane via in smooth muscle?

A

Focal densities

51
Q

Explain the relaxed and contracted state of smooth muscle cells?

A
  • In the relaxed state the cell is elongated
  • With contraction actin and myosin interact by filament sliding
  • Muscle cell becomes shortened and globular
52
Q

What is contractility in smooth muscle and what is it initiated and modulated by?

A
  • Intrinsic property of smooth muscle
  • Initiated by stretch
  • Modulated by autonomic nervous system and/or hormonal stimulation
53
Q

What are peristalsis pacemaker cells called?

A

Interstitial cells of Cajal

BDS1 Tissues (10 decks)

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