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Exercise Physiology > Muscles > Flashcards

Muscles Flashcards

1
Q

What is tension

A

The force that a muscle exerts on the joint when it is contracting is called the tension of the muscle

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2
Q

What is load

A

The force that is exerted on a muscle by an object is called the load of the muscle

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3
Q

What happens if tension does not exceed load

A

The muscle will either remain at the same length or it will lengthen

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4
Q

What are the types of muscular contraction

A

Shortening (concentric) contraction
Isometric contraction
Lengthening (eccentric) contraction

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5
Q

What is the mechanical response of a muscle fibre to a single action potential

A

A twitch

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6
Q

What is the latent period

A

Comes after the action potential before the tension in the muscle fibre begins to increase

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7
Q

What is the contraction time

A

The time interval from the beginning of tension development (at the end of the latent period) to the peak tension

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8
Q

A shortening (concentric) contraction, an increasing load causes…

A
  • the latent period to increase
  • the velocity of shortening to slow down
  • the total duration of the twitch to become shorter
  • the distance shortened to become less
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9
Q

What happens when load increases to the point where the muscle is not abele to move it

A

The contraction becomes isometric

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10
Q

What happens when load increases beyond the peak tension that a muscle can produce

A

The contraction becomes lengthening (eccentric)

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11
Q

What is summation

A

The increase of muscle tension from successive action potentials

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12
Q

What is temporal summation

A

When twitch doesn’t have the time to go back to normal state

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13
Q

What is tetanus

A

When successive stimulations result in a sustained contraction

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14
Q

What is unfused tetanus

A

When the muscle fibre has time to partially relax before the next stimulation
The development of tension oscillates

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15
Q

What is fused tetanus

A

When the muscle fibre has no time to relax between stimulations
The development of tension is continuous and smooth

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16
Q

Muscle fibre types

A

IIx - fast-twitch, fast-glycolytic fibres
IIa - intermediate fibres, fast-oxidative glycolytic fibres
I - slow-twitch, slow-oxidative fibres

17
Q

What does muscle contraction speed depend on

A

The rate of cross bridge cycling, which depends on the myosin heavy chain isoform

18
Q

Mechanisms involved in muscle fatigue

A
  • Conduction failure
  • Lactic acid build up
  • Inhibition of cross-bridge cycling
  • Fuel substrates
  • Central command fatigue
19
Q

What does a motor unit do

A

Provides interaction between nervous system and muscles

20
Q

What does an action potential do

A

Propagates over muscle fibres to case contraction

21
Q

What is excitation-contraction coupling

A

The sequence of events by which an action potential in the plasma membrane activate the force-generating mechanisms

22
Q

How long does an action potential last in a skeletal muscle fibre

A

1 to 2 ms

23
Q

What is going on in a relaxed muscle

A

Low ca2+
Cross bridge cannot bind with actin as tropomyosin is covering the binding site

24
Q

What is happening in an active muscle

A

High ca2+
Ca2+ binds to troponin -> tropomyosin moves away from cross-bridge binding site -> actin binds to cross bridge

25
Q

What proteins are responsible for linking the membrane action potential with calcium release in the cell

A

Dihyropyridine (DHP) receptor
Ryanodine receptor

26
Q

What is ATPase

A

An enzyme which determines the speed of ATP hydrolysis and resulting sarcomere shortening velocity

27
Q

What are the molecular changes for endurance phenotype characterised by

A
  • increased mitochondrial mass
  • increased oxidative enzymes
  • decreased glycolytic enzymes
  • increased slow contractile and regulatory proteins
  • decrease in fast-fibre area
28
Q

Molecular changes to high resistance training

A
  • increases in wet mass
  • increase in fibre cross-sectional area
  • increase in protein content
  • increase in RNA content
29
Q

What is hypertrophy

A

Increase in muscle fibre size due to the addition of contractile proteins in the muscle cell

30
Q

What does muscular hypertrophy depend on

A

Initial strength
Duration of the training programme
Training technique

31
Q

What are the components of resistance training

A
  • time under tension
  • volume
  • velocity
  • exercise order
  • recovery between sets
  • frequency
  • exercise type
32
Q

What is hyperplasia

A

Increase in the number of muscle fibres

33
Q

Role of creating phosphate

A

Provides energy very fast to form ATP from ADP but only lasts 1-2 sec

34
Q

What is glycolysis

A

Energy from glucose in the absence of oxygen

35
Q

What is oxidative phosphorylation

A

Energy from glucose or fat in the presence of oxygen

Exercise Physiology (10 decks)

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