MUSCLES

Question 1

extrafusal muscle fiber

Answer 1

big fibers, that make movement possible. Firing rate of alpha motor neurons determine strenght of contraction

Question 2

intrafusal muscle fiber

Answer 2

sensory information to CNS about lenght of muscle. Use gamma motor neurons

Question 3

golgi tendon organ

Answer 3

stretch or tension

Question 4

pacinian corpuscles

Answer 4

compression during contraction

Question 5

free nerve endings

Answer 5

waste products after period of contraction

Question 6

myofibrils

Answer 6

make muscle contraction possible

Question 7

alpha motor neurons

Answer 7

spread acetylcholine on the muscle, calcium channels will open

Question 8

myosin and actin

Answer 8

displacement of myosin relative to actin resulting in muscle contraction

Question 9

monosynaptic stretch reflex

Answer 9

automatic contraction in response to a certain stretch, only one synapse is encountered

Question 10

inhibition of alpha neuron

Answer 10

by golgi tendon organ, prevents excessive tension on muscle

Question 11

medial side

Answer 11

movement of lower limbs

Question 12

lateral side

Answer 12

hands and then face

Question 13

motor homunculus

Answer 13

size of limbs indicate the amount of mort cortex involved

Question 14

corticospinal tract

Answer 14

motor pathway carries efferent information from cerebral cortex tot he spinal cord to muscles

Question 15

lateral group pathways

Answer 15

for independent limb movements

Question 16

ventromedial group

Answer 16

for balance and walking

Question 17

red line

Answer 17

cerebellum receives information on planned movements from cortex via pontine nucleus

Question 18

blue line

Answer 18

cerebellum sends info on which muscles via dentate nucleus and thalamus to cortex and red nucleus

Question 19

damage cerebellum

Answer 19

problem with timing muscles results in tremor

Question 20

supplementary motor are (SMA)

Answer 20

plan specific movement sequence such as typing, piano, riding a bike. medial side of the cortex

Question 21

premotor cortex

Answer 21

planning of all kinds of movements, plannng to pick something up

Question 22

parietal lobe in higher order processing

Answer 22

perception and sensation

Question 23

Parietal reach region (PRR)

Answer 23

reaching to object

Question 24

anterior intraparietal sulcus (aIPS)

Answer 24

grabbing object

Question 25

damage to parietabl lobe leads to (2)

Answer 25

1. limb apraxia (left lobe): use wrong body parts, wrong sequence of moving
2. constructional appraxia (right lobe): problems with copying figures, building larger objects from smaller elements.

Question 26

basal ganglia 3 nuclei

Answer 26

caudate nucleus, putamen and globus pallidus

Question 27

direct path

Answer 27

promotes movement plans of the motor cortex

Question 28

direct path pathway

Answer 28

cortex activates caudate nucleus and putamen, more firing, more inhibition of globus pallidus, less firing, thalamus more active, excitatory activation to the cortex, positive feedback loop

Question 29

indirect path

Answer 29

inhibits movement plans of motor cortex

Question 30

indirect path pathway

Answer 30

cortex activates caudate nucleus and putamen, more firing, more inhibition of globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus more active, thalamus more inhibited, less excitatory activation, negative feedback loop

Question 31

D1 dopamine receptor

Answer 31

open sodium channels, more inclined to fire, excite direct path

Question 32

D2 dopamine receptor

Answer 32

open chloride channels, resting potential more negative, less firing, inhibit indirect path