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BME 301 > Muscles and EMG > Flashcards

Muscles and EMG Flashcards

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1
Q

What two groups can the nervous system be broken up into?

A

Central and peripheral

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2
Q

What two groups can the peripheral nervous system be broken up into?

A

Sensory and Motor

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3
Q

What two groups can motor neurons be broken up into?

A

Somatic and autonomic

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4
Q

What comprises the central nervous system?

A

Brain and spinal cord

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5
Q

What comprises the peripheral nervous system?

A

Neurons that go from spinal cord to rest of body

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6
Q

What comprises the sensory nervous system?

A

Nerves that sense the environment

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7
Q

What comprises the motor nervous system?

A

Neurons that connect to muscles

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8
Q

What comprises the somatic motor neurons?

A

Neurons under your control (arm, etc.)

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9
Q

What comprises the autonomic motor neurons?

A

Neurons not under your control (digestion, etc.)

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10
Q

What types of neurons does EMG measure?

A

Sensory and motor neurons (peripheral)

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11
Q

What signals are measured by an EMG?

A

Interplay between neuron sending signal and muscle contraction

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12
Q

What comprises a motor unit?

A

A motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it interacts with

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13
Q

How is greater contraction generated?

A

More recruitment of motor units

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14
Q

What is a motor unit action potential territory?

A

The area under control of a signal motor unit

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15
Q

How are different motor units structured together?

A

Randomly throughout the space

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16
Q

What is the consequence of motor unit structure on EMG signal?

A

Aggregate signal, usually measure potentials from many different motor units

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17
Q

What is the size principle?

A

Neurons are recruited from smaller motor units to larger motor units

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18
Q

In regards to the size principle, which neurons are easiest to fire?

A

The motor units with a few amount of fibers

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19
Q

What is rate coding?

A

Encoding information based on the frequency of action potentials

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20
Q

What is tetanus?

A

When the muscle contraction is at the maximum force due to a high frequency of action potentials

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21
Q

What is synchronization (in terms of muscles)?

A

Motor fibers fire synchronously to generate more force

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22
Q

What is the motor unit fiber number?

A

The number of muscle fibers per motor neuron

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23
Q

What is the equation for motor unit fiber number?

A

ni = ae^b(i-1)

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24
Q

What is the relationship between force and motor fibers?

A

Exponential (motor unit fiber equation)

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25
For the equation for EMG, what is the signal summed over?
All active motor units, and all action potentials
26
For the equation for EMG, what is x_ma?
The xth action potential of motor unit m
27
For the equation for EMG, what is phi?
The firing pattern of the motor unit
28
For the equation for EMG, what is n?
Noise
29
What are some sources of noise in an EMG signal?
Electrode, biological noise, other motor units, etc.
30
How does fat affect an EMG signal?
Lowers the amplitude recorded
31
What is muscle fatigue?
Decrease in maximal force over sustained activity
32
How would muscle fatigue look in an EMG signal?
Decreased amplitude and frequency
33
Why do muscles tremble?
More synchronous firing on less motor units
34
What does CMAP stand for?
Compound muscle action potential
35
What does a CMAP measure?
Health of nerve, muscle, and neuromuscular junction
36
How is a CMAP measured?
Stimulate at different points along the arm, and record the action potential
37
To measure a CMAP, where should the recording electrode be?
On the hand muscle
38
In a healthy individual, what should the CMAP look like?
Multiple action potentials at the same magnitude, and delayed slightly
39
What is distal latency?
Time from stimulation to recording electrode
40
What is conduction velocity?
Velocity of the nerve propagating
41
What does SNAP stand for?
Sensory nerve action potential
42
What does a SNAP measure?
Health of sensory nerve
43
How is a SNAP measured?
Stimulate at different points along the arm, and record the action potential
44
To measure a SNAP, where should the recording electrode be?
On the finger (no muscle)
45
In a healthy individual, what should the SNAP look like?
Multiple action potentials at the same magnitude, and delayed slightly
46
What is diabetic neuropathy?
Damaged blood vessels, which leads to nerve damage
47
What is Wallerian degradation?
How damaged nerve is degraded due to injury
48
What is the consequence of Wallerian degradation?
Propagation spreads from the axon, making it harder to pinpoint the location
49
In a CMAP, the amplitudes of the action potentials are smaller. What could be the underlying reason?
Degeneration of motor neurons
50
What happens in Guillain-Barre syndrome?
Myelin sheath gets destroyed
51
In a CMAP, the amplitudes of the action potentials are smaller, and they are shifted to the right. What could be the underlying reason?
Degeneration of myelin (lower conduction velocity)
52
In a CMAP, the amplitudes of the first two action potentials are normal, but the last one is shifted. What could be the underlying reason?
Local loss of myelin
53
What is an F wave (EMG)?
Signal back from spinal cord to muscle again (backfiring)
54
What is the relationship between conduction velocity and diameter?
v (m/s) = 3.7 + 0.05 (d (um) -55)
55
What is the limitation of the relationship between conduction velocity and diameter?
Only taken from one muscle, only a rule of thumb
56
What is the advantage of needle electrode exams?
More resolution in the muscle
57
What is the disadvantage of needle electrode exams?
More invasive to the patient
58
What is targeted muscle reinnervation?
Signals from neurons are directed to other muscles, which are then used for the robotic arm
59
How does targeted muscle reinnervation work?
Using muscles as amplifier for signals of what to do
60
What is EMG decomposition?
Sorting the individual MUAPs from an EMG signal
61
What do you look for in EMG decomposition to sort the MUAPs?
Timing (regular firing pattern) and shape (reduce residual)
62
What is a high pass filter?
Only allows higher frequencies to pass (removes lower frequency noise)
63
What does MUAP stand for?
Motor unit action potential

BME 301 (5 decks)

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