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Year 1 Anatomy > Muscles And Nerves > Flashcards

Muscles And Nerves Flashcards

1
Q

What do the posterior rami supply?

A

Facet joints in vertebrae
Deep muscle of the back
Skin of the back

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2
Q

What do anterior rami supply?

A

Muscle joints and skin of the remaining limbs and trunk
Anterolateral parts

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3
Q

What are the 3 types of muscles?

A

Cardiac
Skeletal
Smooth

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4
Q

The muscle length doesn’t include the tendon.
True or false

A

False tendon is included

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5
Q

Why are muscles important?

A

Provide support
Provide heat
Give form to the body
Movement

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6
Q

What are the types of muscle heads?

A

Pennante muscles
Fusiform muscles
Parallel muscles
Convergent muscles
Circular muscles
Digastric muscles

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7
Q

What is pennate muscle?

A

Feather arrangement of muscle fibres

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8
Q

What is a fusiform muscle?

A

Spindle shaped muscle
Tapered at the ends

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9
Q

What are parallel muscles?

A

Lie parallel with fascia

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10
Q

What are convergent muscles?

A

Broad attachment from which fascicle converge to a single tendon

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11
Q

What are circular muscles?

A

Surrounds body opening

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12
Q

What are digastric muscles?

A

2 muscle bellies in one muscle

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13
Q

What are the most powerful muscles?

A

Pack in the most muscle fibre but are short

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14
Q

What is tonic contraction?

A

Slight contraction which doesn’t cause movement but gives firmness to muscles

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15
Q

What is isometric contraction ?

A

Muscle length remains the same
No movement but tonicity increases

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16
Q

What are isotonic contractions?

A

Muscle length changes during contraction

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17
Q

What are the two types of isotonic contractions?

A

Concentric contractions
Eccentric contractions

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18
Q

What are eccentric contractions ?

A

Muscle length increases when tonicity is increasing

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19
Q

What are concentric contractions?

A

Muscle length decreases as tonicity increases

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20
Q

What is the structural unit of a musle?

A

Muscle fibres

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21
Q

What is the endomysium?

A

Connectuve tissue covering an individual muscle fibre

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22
Q

What is the periomysium?

A

Connective tissue around muscle fibre bundles

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23
Q

What is the epimysium?

A

Connective tisue around the entire muscle

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24
Q

What is a single FUNCTIONAL unit of a muscle?

A

Motor unit

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25
Q

What is a motor unit?

A

Motor neurons and muscle fibres that it controls

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26
Q

Where are large motor units found?

A

In the trunk and thigh muscles

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27
Q

Where are small motor units found?

A

In the eyes and hands
For controlled movement

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28
Q

What is a prime mover?

A

Main muscle response for specific body movement

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29
Q

What is an agonist?

A

Prime mover

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30
Q

What are fixators?

A

Hold muscles steady

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31
Q

What are synergists?

A

Compliments actions of the prime movers

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32
Q

What are antagonists?

A

Work in the opposite of direction of agonists to relax

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33
Q

What are myocardium?

A

Muscular walls of the heart

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34
Q

How are rhythmic contractions generated?

A

Pacemaker nodes

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35
Q

What are myocardium?

A

Muscular walls of the heart

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36
Q

How is stimuli transmitted through the heart?

A

Myogenically through muscle fibres

37
Q

Where is smooth muscle found?

A

Directive tract, skin and blood vessels

38
Q

How is smooth muscle innervated??

A

Autonomic nervous system

39
Q

What is muscle atrophy?

A

Wastage of muscles

40
Q

What does the lymphatic system do?

A

Drains excess tissue fluid
Transport and absorb fat
Transport plasma proteins back into blood
Remove cellular debris and pathogens

41
Q

What does the lymphatic system contain?

A

Lymphatic plexus
Lymphaic vessels
Lymph nodes
Lymphoid organs
Duct

42
Q

What are the types of lymphatic ducts?

A

Right
Thoracic

43
Q

Where is the right lymphatic duct?

A

Right subclavian and internal jugular
Forms the right venous angle

44
Q

What are the lymphoid organs?

A

Thymus
Spleem
Lymph nodes
Myeloid tissue in red bone marrow

45
Q

Where are lymphocytes produced in red bone marrow?

A

Myeloid tissue in red bone marrow

46
Q

What are lymph nodes?

A

Small masses of lymphatic tissue which filter lymph

47
Q

Where does the thoracic duct began?

A

Abdomen into the left venous angle

48
Q

What lymph vessels sondpwe have in our skin and where does it go?

A

Superficial lymph vessels drains into deep lymph vessels

49
Q

Where does the thoracic duct drain into?

A

Venous system

50
Q

How is the nervous system split into?

A

CNS and PNS

51
Q

How is the PNS split?

A

Motor and sensory

52
Q

Where does the somatic sensory nerves work?

A

Sensation form skim muscles and joints

53
Q

Where do visceral sensory nerves work?

A

Body cavities

54
Q

What are neuroglia?

A

Glial cell involved in supporting nerves

55
Q

What is grey matter in cns?

A

Where the nerve cell bodies are

56
Q

What is white matter in cns?

A

Interconnecting fibres

57
Q

What are the layers of the meninges?

A

Pia
Arachnoid
Dura

58
Q

Where is the CSF?

A

Subarachnoid space

59
Q

How many cranial nerves do we have ?

A

12

60
Q

Are cranial nerves part of CNS?

A

Nope

61
Q

Where do cranial nerves come out of ?

A

Cranial ganglia

62
Q

What is a collection of cell bodies in the cns called?

A

Nucleus

63
Q

What is neurolemma?

A

Cell membrane of schwaaan cells

64
Q

What is an endoneurium?

A

Connective tissue around nerve

65
Q

How do myelinated nerve look up close?

A

They have a single nerve with lots of myelination around it

66
Q

How do unmyelinated nerves look up close?

A

Multiple nerves in schwaan cell that produces no myelin

67
Q

What is a perineurium?

A

Connective tissue around a nerve fasicle.

68
Q

What is epineurium?

A

Connective tissue around bundles of fasicles
It has blood vessels and lymphatics in it

69
Q

Where do cranial come from?

A

11 from the brain
1 from top of the spinal cord

70
Q

What is the ventral root?

A

Motor

71
Q

What is the dorsal root?

A

Sensory

72
Q

Where do the dorsal and ventral root combine?

A

Intervetebral foramen

73
Q

What does the posterior rami supply?

A

Nerve fibres to synovial joints and deep back muscles and skin at the back

74
Q

What does the anterior rami supply?

A

Anterolateral regions of the body

75
Q

What is a dermatome?

A

Strip of skin inervated by one spinal nerve

76
Q

What have proprioceptive sensation?

A

All muscles, tendons and joints

77
Q

What is myotome

A

One muscle mass innervated by one spinal nerve

78
Q

What are visceral nerve fibres?

A

They innervate smooth muscle and glands all ANS stuff

79
Q

Where are the pre ganglionic fibre cell bodies?

A

Intermediolateral (lateral horns)

80
Q

Where do postsynaptic neurons cell bodies lie?

A

In either paravetbral or prevetebral ganglia

81
Q

What is the para vertebral ganglia?

A

Sympathetic chain

82
Q

What is the pre vertebral ganglia?

A

Sphlacnjc nerve
Abdominal plexuses

83
Q

What 4 things can neurons do in the sympathetic chain?

A

Ascend up
Descend down
Synapse with post ganglionic
Pass through going to the sphlanic nerve to reach the prevertebral ganglia

84
Q

What is the thoracolumbar outflow?

A

T1 to L3

85
Q

Whereare the cell bodies of post ganglionic fibres which go to the head and neck?

A

Superior cervical ganglion in sympathetic chain

86
Q

What nerves are involved in the cranial parasympathetic outflow?

A

3 7 9 10

87
Q

What nerves at involved in sacral parasympathetic outflow?

A

Anterior roots of
S2
S3
S4
Pelvic splachnic nerve

88
Q

How is parasympathetic supplied in the thorax ?

A

Vagus nerve

Year 1 Anatomy (5 decks)

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