Muscles/Cartilages/Lungs

Question 1

Tidal volume

Answer 1

The amount of air that is inspired and expired during normal breathing.

Question 2

Inspiratory reserve
volume

Answer 2

The maximum amount of air that can be inhaled after a normal inhalation.

Question 3

Expiratory reserve
volume

Answer 3

The maximum amount of air that can be exhaled after a normal exhalation.

Question 4

Residual volume

Answer 4

The amount of air that remains in the lungs after maximum exhalation.

Question 5

Vital capacity

Answer 5

The maximum amount of air that can be exhaled after a maximum inhalation.

Question 6

Total lung capacity

Answer 6

The total amount of air that the lungs can hold, including residual volume.

Question 7

Sternohyoid (Infrahyoid Laryngeal)

Answer 7

1. FUNCTION - Depresses the hyoid bone after swallowing.
2. WHEN DAMAGED: Difficulty swallowing (dysphagia).

Question 8

Omohyoid (Infrahyoid Laryngeal)

Answer 8

1. Function: Depresses the hyoid bone and larynx during
   swallowing and speaking.
2. WHEN DAMAGED: Difficulty swallowing, changes in voice.

Question 9

Sternothyroid (Infrahyoid Laryngeal)

Answer 9

1. Function: Depresses the thyroid cartilage.
2. WHEN DAMAGED: Changes in voice quality, pitch, and possible swallowing issues.

Question 10

Thyrohyoid (Infrahyoid Laryngeal)

Answer 10

1. Function: Depresses the hyoid bone and elevates the
   larynx.
2. WHEN DAMAGED: Difficulty swallowing, potential voice alterations.

Question 11

Stylohyoid (Suprahyoid Laryngeal)

Answer 11

1. Elevates and retracts the hyoid bone, elongating the floor of the mouth during swallowing.
2. WHEN DAMAGED: Difficulty swallowing and opening the mouth.

Question 12

Digastric (Suprahyoid Laryngeal)

Answer 12

1. Function: Elevates the hyoid bone and depresses the
   mandible, opening the mouth.
2. WHEN DAMAGED: Difficulty opening the mouth and swallowing.

Question 13

Mylohyoid (Suprahyoid Laryngeal)

Answer 13

1. Function: Elevates the hyoid bone and the tongue, and
   depresses the jaw when the hyoid is fixed.
2. WHEN DAMAGED
   Difficulty with swallowing and tongue movements,
   alterations in speech.

Question 14

Geniohyoid (Suprahyoid Laryngeal)

Answer 14

1. Function: Pulls the hyoid bone forward and upwards,
   shortening the floor of the mouth and widening the pharynx.
2. WHEN DAMAGED Difficulty swallowing, altered speech

Question 15

Lateral Cricoarytenoid (ADDUCTOR)

Answer 15

1. FUNCTION: Adducts the vocal folds, enabling voice production
2. CAUSE OF DAMAGE
   Surgery, trauma, or damage to the recurrent laryngeal nerve.
3. WHEN DAMAGED:
   Voice changes, inability to adduct the vocal cords
   effectively.

Question 16

Transverse Arytenoid (ADDUCTOR)

Answer 16

1. FUNCTION
   Adducts the arytenoid cartilages, closing the laryngeal inlet during swallowing and phonation.
2. CAUSE OF
   DAMAGE: Surgery, trauma, or damage to the recurrent
   laryngeal nerve.
3. WHEN DAMAGED: Difficulty swallowing and speaking.

Question 17

Posterior Cricoarytenoid (ABDUCTOR)

Answer 17

1. FUNCTION Abducts the vocal folds, allowing breathing.
2. CAUSE OF
   DAMAGE: Surgery, trauma, or damage to the recurrent
   laryngeal nerve.
3. WHEN DAMAGED Difficulty breathing, changes in voice.

Question 18

Oblique Arytenoid (SPHINCTER)

Answer 18

1. FUNCTION Narrows the laryngeal inlet by approximating the aryepiglottic folds.
2. CAUSE OF: DAMAGE Surgery, trauma, or damage to the recurrent laryngeal nerve.
3. WHEN DAMAGED Difficulty swallowing, risk of aspiration.

Question 19

Cricothyroid (TENSOR)

Answer 19

1. FUNCTION: Tenses and elongates the vocal folds, increasing pitch.
2. CAUSE OF DAMAGE: Neck surgery, trauma.
3. WHEN DAMAGED Difficulty modulating voice pitch.

Question 20

Thyroarytenoid (RELAXER)

Answer 20

1. FUNCTION
   Shortens and relaxes the vocal folds, decreasing pitch.
2. WHEN DAMAGED Difficulty modulating voice pitch.

Question 21

Superior Laryngeal Nerve

Answer 21

1. SENSORY ABOVE THE
   VOCAL FOLDS
2. MOTOR
   INNERVATION TO THE
   CRICOTHYROID MUSCLE

Question 22

Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve

Answer 22

1. SENSORY BELOW THE GLOTTIS
2. MOTOR ALL THE OTHER
   MUSCLES OF THE LARYNX

Question 23

Vocalis

Answer 23

Tenses anterior part and
relaxes posterior part of
vocal ligament

Question 24

Cuneiform Cartilages

Answer 24

1. help maintain the shape and
   support the soft tissues
2. Innervated by the recurrent laryngeal nerve

Question 25

Epiglottis

Answer 25

1. folds down over the glottis during swallowing to prevent food from entering the trachea. 2. Innervated by the internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve.

Question 26

Thyroid Cartilage

Answer 26

forms the front wall of the larynx and protects it - innervated by superior laryngeal nerve

Question 27

Cricoid Cartilage

Answer 27

Forms a complete ring below the thyroid cartilage, providing support and structure to the larynx.

Question 28

Arytenoid Cartilage

Answer 28

located at the back of the larynx, they are crucial for vocal fold movement as they anchor and rotate to adjust tension and position.

Question 29

Corniculate Cartilages

Answer 29

they help in the opening and closing of the glottis (the space between the vocal folds).

Question 30

DIAPHRAGMATIC-ABDOMINAL BREATHING

Answer 30

diaphragm flattens, expanding the lower thoracic and abdominal cavities during inspiration

Question 31

CLAVICULAR BREATHING

Answer 31

two clavicles pull up slightly at the end of maximum inhalation, expanding the very top of the thoracic cavity

Question 32

THORACIC BREATHING

Answer 32

chest wall moves upward and outward, and more work is required than for diaphragmatic-abdominal breathing

Question 33

SPEECH BREATHING

Answer 33

greater volume of air is taken into the lungs than during quiet breathing, and more timing and control is required than those provided by diaphragmatic-abdominal breathing