Muscles II Flashcards
(124 cards)
2
Q
What is a contraction where the length of the muscle doesn’t change, but it does tense?
A
Iso-metric contraction
3
Q
What is a contraction where the amount of force/tension is constant, and the length of the muscle does change?
A
Iso-tonic contraction
4
Q
What does a Force Velocity Curve show?
A
The velocity of a given muscle contraction depending on the force that it is trying to pull.
5
Q
What contracts at faster velocity, red or white?
A
White
6
Q
Force the same veolcity, a white fiber generates more ___________
A
Force
7
Q
What shape does a power/velocity curve have?
A
Upside down U
8
Q
What is the optimal muscle velocity for generating as much power as possible?
A
40% of maximal
9
Q
What generates more power, red or white fibers?
A
White
10
Q
What uses more energy (even for a given shortening), red or white?
A
White
11
Q
What fiber is more efficient, red or white?
A
Red
12
Q
Where is the red muscle in a fish, how about the white muscle?
A
Red is along sides, white is on top and bottom
13
Q
What do we call Type IIb muscle? How about Type I muscle?
A
White, red
14
Q
What does a fish use when swimming normal speed?
A
Red fibers
15
Q
What muscle has a higher optimal peak velocity, red or white?
A
White
16
Q
Name three physiological characteristics of frog muscles that allow frogs to jump so high
A
1) Operating on plateau of sacromere length tension curve to generate maximum tension.2) Shortening at a velocity which gives maximal power3) Activating entire muscle at same time
17
Q
What curve shows optimum sacromere length?
A
Length-Tension Curve
18
Q
What is the period after the action potential but before the muscle contraction
A
the LATENT PERIOD
19
Q
All of the muscle cells have the same ______ period, so they all contract at the same time
A
latent
20
Q
How long does a muscle twitch take?`
A
1/10 of a second
21
Q
The distance a muscle is able to shorten depends on the __________
A
Weight its lifting
22
Q
What do we call it if the load is so heavy that the muscle stretches?
A
a Lengthening Contraction
23
Q
Shortening velocity decreases ___________ with load
A
Parabolically
24
Q
We can get more tension from a muscle fiber by…
A
Stimulating it more rapidly
25
Q
What is is called when we stimulate the muscle before it has a chance to recover
A
Tetanus
26
Name the two types of Tetanus and what each means
1) Fused tetanus= no recovery time (constant tension)2) Unfused tetanus= some recovery time, tension fluctuates
27
What is the frequency of a mosquito wingbeat?
1000 Hz
28
What is the type of flight where where the muscle moves with every wingbeat?
Synchronous flight
29
What two muscles are involved in synchronous flight?
Elevators and Depressors
30
What is the frequency of this wingbeat? What is special about this frequency?
100-200 Hz, don't develop fused Tetanus
31
The elevators and depressors contract __________
Alternately
32
For synchronous flight, one action potential translates into ______ contraction
1
33
What is the rate limiting factor on how fast muscles can recover between contractions?
How quickly Ca can be removed from the cytoplasm by pumps in the sarcoplasmic reticulum
34
What kind of flight has more than one wing beat per contraction?
Asynchronous flight
35
Are the muscles attached to the wings in asynchronous flight?
NO
36
In asynchronous flight, a single muscle contraction makes the body ________, so a single muscle contraction leads to _______ wingbeats
vibrate,wingbeats
37
What attaches the asynchronous flight muscle to the body (cuticle)?
Myotendon junction
38
The depressor muscles stretch/contract the body
contract
39
How many contractions are generate per action potential in asynchronous flight?
multiple
40
What is the gleal cell on a nerve called?
Schwann Cell
41
In a neuromuscular junciton, the ___________, containing _____________, fuse at the ___________. The neurotransmitters then flow into the ___________, causing ______ to flow into the cell and a __________.
synaptic vesiclesAChActive zonessynaptic cleftNa ionsdepolarize
42
Synaptic clefts are at the top of the...
junctional folds
43
What is the excitatory transmitter in crestacians?
Glutamate
44
What is the excitatory transmitter in humans?
Acetylcholine
45
Where are tonic fibers located in humans?
Extraocular muscle or middle ear
46
Name 3 differences between crustacean innervation and human innervation:
1) Crustaceans have an inhibitory neuron, humans don't. 2) Crustacean neurons have lots of brances, while humans have lots of individual neurons. 3) Crustaceans have slow and fast twitch neurons attached to the same fiber
47
What kind of fibers in humans have multiple connections from the same neuron?
Tonic fibers
48
As a result, arthropods have ________ potentials. They do not have _____ potentials
GradedAction
49
Define a motor unit
The axon and all the muscle fibers that it innervates
50
Motor units can be ____________, correlating to the _____________
small or large, number of fibers they innervate
51
What do we call the collection of neurons that innervate one entire muscle
Motor Pool
52
How do animals regulate strength of contraction?
By changing the NUMBER OF NEURONS that we stimulate, and thus the number of fibers that are stimulated
53
Name two ways in which we can vary muscle contraction
1) Fire different number of motor units2) Recruit different types of muscle fibers
54
What order do we recruit fibers in?
Slow oxidative, fast oxidative, fast glycolytic
55
What do we call the pairs of muscles that are flexors/extendors
antagonists
56
What muscle moves bird wings down in flight?
Large Pectoralis
57
What muscle moves bird muscles up in flight?
Large Supracoracoideus
58
Entire movements are determined by...
Specific combinations and sequences
59
Describe the knee jerk reflex
A tap stretches the tendon, which is sensed by the MUSCLE SPINDLE ORGAN (stretch receptor in muscle), which is sensed by the GAMMA MOTORNEURON, and elicits a response from the DORSAL ROOT GANGLION to contract
60
What part of the brain controls skeletal muscle movement? Where is it?
Primary Motor Cortex, in front of the Central Sulchus
61
What are two descending pathways from brain to muscle?
Corticospinal pathway, Brain stem Pathway
62
What are the crystals in bone called? What do they surround
Hydroxyapatite, the collagen matrix
63
Name four cell types in bone and their function
Osteoblast- bone forming cellsOsteocyte- an osteoblast surrounded by a calcified matrixOsteoclast- Large multinucleated cell, breaks down bone by secreting acid and protease enzymes, acted on by PTHChondrocytes- produce cartilage
64
What do osteoblasts secrete? What is it?
OSTEOID, a mixture of collagen and proteins
65
Describe the growth of bone:
1) Chondrocytes produce cartilage2) Osteoblasts secrete osteoid on tope of cartilage3) mineralization/ deposition of hydroxyapatite
66
Why do osteoclasts break down bone?
To break down and then build back up weak parts, in response to low blood calcium
67
What on osteoclasts pumps bicarbonate out when blood calcium is low?
CHLORIDE BICARBONATE EXCHANGERS
68
Names four hormones that favor bone formation
-Insulin- growth hormone- estrogen- testosterone
69
The distance a muscle is able to shorten depends on the __________
Weight its lifting
70
What do we call it if the load is so heavy that the muscle stretches?
a Lengthening Contraction
71
Shortening velocity decreases ___________ with load
Parabolically
72
We can get more tension from a muscle fiber by...
Stimulating it more rapidly
73
What is is called when we stimulate the muscle before it has a chance to recover
Tetanus
74
Name the two types of Tetanus and what each means
1) Fused tetanus= no recovery time (constant tension)2) Unfused tetanus= some recovery time, tension fluctuates
75
What is the frequency of a mosquito wingbeat?
1000 Hz
76
What is the type of flight where where the muscle moves with every wingbeat?
Synchronous flight
77
What two muscles are involved in synchronous flight?
Elevators and Depressors
78
What is the frequency of this wingbeat? What is special about this frequency?
100-200 Hz, don't develop fused Tetanus
79
The elevators and depressors contract __________
Alternately
80
For synchronous flight, one action potential translates into ______ contraction
1
81
What is the rate limiting factor on how fast muscles can recover between contractions?
How quickly Ca can be removed from the cytoplasm by pumps in the sarcoplasmic reticulum
82
What kind of flight has more than one wing beat per contraction?
Asynchronous flight
83
Are the muscles attached to the wings in asynchronous flight?
NO
84
In asynchronous flight, a single muscle contraction makes the body ________, so a single muscle contraction leads to _______ wingbeats
vibrate,wingbeats
85
What attaches the asynchronous flight muscle to the body (cuticle)?
Myotendon junction
86
The depressor muscles stretch/contract the body
contract
87
How many contractions are generate per action potential in asynchronous flight?
multiple
88
What is the gleal cell on a nerve called?
Schwann Cell
89
In a neuromuscular junciton, the ___________, containing _____________, fuse at the ___________. The neurotransmitters then flow into the ___________, causing ______ to flow into the cell and a __________.
synaptic vesiclesAChActive zonessynaptic cleftNa ionsdepolarize
90
Synaptic clefts are at the top of the...
junctional folds
91
What is the excitatory transmitter in crestacians?
Glutamate
92
What is the excitatory transmitter in humans?
Acetylcholine
93
Where are tonic fibers located in humans?
Extraocular muscle or middle ear
94
Name 3 differences between crustacean innervation and human innervation:
1) Crustaceans have an inhibitory neuron, humans don't. 2) Crustacean neurons have lots of brances, while humans have lots of individual neurons. 3) Crustaceans have slow and fast twitch neurons attached to the same fiber
95
What kind of fibers in humans have multiple connections from the same neuron?
Tonic fibers
96
As a result, arthropods have ________ potentials. They do not have _____ potentials
GradedAction
97
Define a motor unit
The axon and all the muscle fibers that it innervates
98
Motor units can be ____________, correlating to the _____________
small or large, number of fibers they innervate
99
What do we call the collection of neurons that innervate one entire muscle
Motor Pool
100
How do animals regulate strength of contraction?
By changing the NUMBER OF NEURONS that we stimulate, and thus the number of fibers that are stimulated
101
Name two ways in which we can vary muscle contraction
1) Fire different number of motor units2) Recruit different types of muscle fibers
102
What order do we recruit fibers in?
Slow oxidative, fast oxidative, fast glycolytic
103
What do we call the pairs of muscles that are flexors/extendors
antagonists
104
What muscle moves bird wings down in flight?
Large Pectoralis
105
What muscle moves bird muscles up in flight?
Large Supracoracoideus
106
Entire movements are determined by...
Specific combinations and sequences
107
Describe the knee jerk reflex
A tap stretches the tendon, which is sensed by the MUSCLE SPINDLE ORGAN (stretch receptor in muscle), which is sensed by the GAMMA MOTORNEURON, and elicits a response from the DORSAL ROOT GANGLION to contract
108
What part of the brain controls skeletal muscle movement? Where is it?
Primary Motor Cortex, in front of the Central Sulchus
109
What are two descending pathways from brain to muscle?
Corticospinal pathway, Brain stem Pathway
110
What are the crystals in bone called? What do they surround
Hydroxyapatite, the collagen matrix
111
Name four cell types in bone and their function
Osteoblast- bone forming cellsOsteocyte- an osteoblast surrounded by a calcified matrixOsteoclast- Large multinucleated cell, breaks down bone by secreting acid and protease enzymes, acted on by PTHChondrocytes- produce cartilage
112
What do osteoblasts secrete? What is it?
OSTEOID, a mixture of collagen and proteins
113
Describe the growth of bone:
1) Chondrocytes produce cartilage2) Osteoblasts secrete osteoid on tope of cartilage3) mineralization/ deposition of hydroxyapatite
114
Why do osteoclasts break down bone?
To break down and then build back up weak parts, in response to low blood calcium
115
What on osteoclasts pumps bicarbonate out when blood calcium is low?
CHLORIDE BICARBONATE EXCHANGERS
116
Hormones that favor bone reabsorbtion
- parathyroid hormone- cortisol- thyroid hormone
117
Gravity and exercise increase/decrease osteoblast activity
increase
118
What do we call the synthesis of blood cells of all types in bone?
Hematopoiesis
119
Where does hematopoiesis occur in adults? What part of the bone?
chest, skull, pelvis, base of limbsin the marrow
120
Where does hematopoiesis occur in utero?
liver, spleen, marrow of most bones
121
What has to be kicked out as red blood cells are formed?
The nucleus
122
What is osteoporosis?
Reduced bone mass and density b/c rate of resporption exceeds bone desposition
123
What is low/mild osteoporosis?
Osteopenia
124
What is a race disorder that causes thickening of bones in hands/feet?
Acromegaly
125
What is bending of the spine called?
scoliosis
