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SEM3 BIOSCIENCE > MUSCLES/MOVEMENT > Flashcards

MUSCLES/MOVEMENT Flashcards

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1
Q

what is a motor unit?

A

motor neuron and the skeletal muscle fibers innervated by that motor neuron’s axonal terminals

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2
Q

what is a motor end plate?

A

another word for NMJ- the communication between a lower motor neurone synaptic terminal and an individual skeletal muscle cell

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3
Q

which neurotransmitter is used at the NMJ of muscles in mammals?

A

acetylcholine

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4
Q

synaptobrevin and synaptotagmin are which type of SNARE protein?

A

V SNARES

vesicle

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5
Q

syntaxin and SNAP-25 are which type of SNARE protein?

A

T SNARES

transport

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6
Q

what are active zones?

A

specialised regions of neuronal membrane where vesicle release occurs

main components are Cac and Brp

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7
Q

why is the active zone functionally important?

A

organisation in this way means only microdepolarisation of Ca2+ needs to occur before vesicles are released

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8
Q

what is the function of troponin I?

A

binds myosin binding site

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9
Q

what is the function of troponin C?

A

Ca2+ binding

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10
Q

what is the function of troponin T?

A

binds tropomyosin

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11
Q

which molecule leaves the myosin head in the power stroke?

A

ADP

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12
Q

in the recovery stroke, what reaction occurs so that myosin is ready to bind actin again?

A

ATP hydrolysis

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13
Q

what causes myosin detachment from actin?

A

ATP binding

Lack of ATP is rigor mortis

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14
Q

what is the function of transverse t tubule networks?

A

allows efficient spread of depolarisation and co-ordinated contraction

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15
Q

what is the function of tropomyosin?

A

covers the actin binding sites on myosin

moved via interactions with troponin T

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16
Q

what is myasthenia gravis?

A

neuromuscular autoimmune disease whereby antibodies are raised against nicotinic Ach receptors

simple movements require huge effort

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17
Q

what is isotonic contraction?

A

contraction where muscle shortens to manage load

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18
Q

what is isometric contraction?

A

contraction where a muscle is at a constant length, but there is an increase in tension

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19
Q

why do muscles contract more efficiently at their optimum length?

A

myosin and actin make the optimum number of connections at this length

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20
Q

how does the botulinum toxin work?

A

disrupts SNARE proteins, meaning no Ach release into synapse

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21
Q

how does tetanus work?

A

cleaves synaptobrevin, causing paralysis

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22
Q

what is the function of titin?

A

links Z line to M line, stabilising the myosin filament

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23
Q

what is the function of tropomodulin?

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A

binds the negative ends of actin filaments at the m line

24
Q

what is the function of desmin?

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A

links together myofibrils at the Z disk

25
what is the function of dystrophin?
links muscle filaments to outer cell membrane, hence making it move!!
26
what is nebulin?
the structure that determines the length of the actin filament
27
how is muscle fibre type determined?
determined by gene expression, but neuronal firing controls gene expression in early development therefore, neuronal firing controls gene expression
28
how many ATP are made per round of oxidative phosphprylation?
38ATP
29
where does glycolysis occur?
Cytsol
30
how amny ATP are produced by glycolysis?
2ATP
31
what is the substrate for glycolysis?
Glycogen DOESN'T REQUIRE OXYGEN
32
what is the creatine phosphate system?
creatine phosphate + ADP = creatine + ATP 10 seconds catalysed by creatine phosphatase used as a last resort energy source
33
what is the cori cycle?
use of oxygen to produce glucose from lactate in the liver
34
what is the myokinase energy system?
ADP+ADP= ATP + AMP
35
what is the percentage conversion of dietary calories and metabolic fuel production?
20%
36
what is the fuel guage of the cell that indicates when metabolic substrates are at their lowest?
AMP signals via AMPK pathway
37
NFKB and myostatin are involved in which muscle process?
muscle atrophy
38
what is the flow rate of skeletal muscle?
1-4ml/100ml
39
what is functional sympatholysis?
a local vasodilatory mechanism whereby sympathetic vasoconstriction is overriden during exercise
40
how are fine motor skills controlled?
by only a few muscle fibres per motor unit
41
how are gross motor skills i.e. posture, controlled?
many muscle fibres per motor unit
42
1 muscle is controlled by, on average, how many motor neurones?
100
43
how many individual muscle fibres does one motor neurone control?
100-1000
44
what is aerobic endurance?
ability of the body to sustain a high work rate, technical quality throughout training, without fatigue
45
what is muscular endurance?
ability to perform repeated contractions without fatigue
46
what is muscle hypertrophy?
response to training in which individual myofibrils grow in size
47
what are the WHO bandings of physical activity?
sedentary mild moderate vigorous
48
what are the NHS physical activity guidelines?
150 minutes of moderate intensity exercise 75 minutes of vigorous intensity exercise muscle strengthening 2 days a week elderly patients - balance co-ordination twice a week
49
how is physical activity prescribed?
Dose = intensity x duration
50
what is chondromalacia?
condition whereby cartilage on posterior surface of patellar softens, causing chronic inflammation between patella and trochlear groove
51
what is patella tracking disorder?
when the patella shifts out of the trochlear groove, caused by muscular imbalances between quads and hamstrings
52
what are sharpeys fibres?
connective tissue collagen fibres that connect periosteum to bone pulled away from bone in shin splints
53
what is the lachmanns test?
flexion of knee - anterior translocation - no endpoint hit? = ACL instability
54
what is the pivot shift test?
test indicating ACL pathology | similar to lachmans
55
what are osteophytes?
bony projections along joint margins caused by ageing, degeneration or disease
56
what is the relationship between symptoms and placebo treatment?
NOT CAUSAL

SEM3 BIOSCIENCE (13 decks)

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