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Anatomy Exam 3 > Muscles, Nervous Tissue, Brain > Flashcards

Muscles, Nervous Tissue, Brain Flashcards

1
Q

Muscles convert what

A

Chemical energy into physical energy

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2
Q

Skeletal muscle

A

Attached to bones and seen on exterior

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3
Q

Smooth muscle

A

Essential for propelling material through internal tubes

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4
Q

Cardiac muscle

A

Walls of heart, pump blood

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5
Q

All muscles are

A

Excitable, contractile, elastic, extensible

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6
Q

Skeletal muscle cells are referred to what

A

Muscle fibers because of their length

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7
Q

Tendon

A

End of a muscle where connective tissue layers merge to form the tendon which attaches to a bone

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8
Q

Origin vs insertion

A

Origin is more stationary and less moveable
Insertion is more flexible

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9
Q

Motor neurons

A

Efferent because they travel away from brain

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10
Q

Sensory neurons

A

Afferent and move towards brain

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11
Q

Atrophy

A

Muscle wastes away
Bone density will also decrease

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12
Q

Hypertrophy

A

Muscle fiber increases in size in response to exercise
This is Cameron’s goal

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13
Q

Circular muscle

A

Orbicularis oris

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14
Q

Parallel muscles

A

Have bundles of muscle fibers (fasicules) that run parallel to axis
Ex: Rectus abdominis and biceps brachii

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15
Q

Convergent muscles

A

Widespread muscle fibers that converge on common attachment site
Ex: pectoralis major

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16
Q

Pennate muscles

A

Looks like a large feather

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17
Q

Unipennate

A

Fibers on same side of the tendon
Ex: extensor digitorum

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18
Q

Bipennate

A

Fibers on both sides of tendon
Ex: rectus femoris

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19
Q

Multipennate

A

Tendon branches within the muscle
Ex: deltoid

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20
Q

Agonist

A

Muscle that contracts to produce a desired movement

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21
Q

Antagonist

A

Muscle that opposes the prime move (agonist) and produces the opposite movement

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22
Q

Synergistic

A

Muscles that perform the same action
Ex: quadriceps femoris muscles are syngergistic for extending the leg at the knee joint

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23
Q

Aponeurosis

A

Sometimes the tendon forms a thin, flattened sheet

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24
Q

Skeletal muscles named how?

A

Shape, location, attachment, position, orientation of fibers, or function

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25
Q

Aging causes what

A

Muscle atrophy, decreased cardiovascular performance, easy fatigue, loss of muscle muscle elasticity, and poor muscle healing after an injury

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26
Q

Restful breathing

A

External intercostals; ribs move up and out during inhalation

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27
Q

Forced exhalation

A

Internal intercostals
Draw the ribs together and depress the thorax

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28
Q

Restful exhalation

A

Elastic recoil of lung tissue
Internal intercostals are not used

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29
Q

What separates the Rectus abdominis

A

Tendinous intersections (inscriptions)

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30
Q

Rotator cuff muscles

A

Supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, and subscapularis
Glenohumeral joint

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31
Q

IT band

A

Gluteus maximus and tensor fascia latae

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32
Q

IT band syndrome

A

Where is passed over the lateral femoral condyle, it can cause friction and pain in runners

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33
Q

3 muscles insert at Pes Ansurine

A

Sartorius, gracillis, and semitendinosus
Common site for bursitis, tendinitis

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34
Q

Compartment syndrome

A

When pressure builds up inside fascial sheath of skeletal muscle because of bleeding or inflammation
Pressure compresses blood vessel and entire muscle will die due to lack of oxygen

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35
Q

Treatment for compartment syndrome

A

Decompression fasciotomy
Cut open the leg
Delayed skin closure and grafting may be required

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36
Q

RICE

A

Rest, ice, compression, and elevation

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37
Q

Retinaculum

A

Band of thickened deep fascia around tendons that holds them in place
Ex: flexor retinaculum prevents bowstringing outwards (in wrist)

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38
Q

Nervous system

A

PNS and CNS

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39
Q

CNS

A

brain and spinal cord

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40
Q

PNS

A

Cranial nerves and spinal nerves
Also ganglia

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41
Q

Pathway

A

PNS receptors process and evaluate sensory input so CNS can determine appropriate response and respond by sending impulses to effectors (muscles and glands)

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42
Q

Sensory nervous system

A

Somatic sensory: input that is consciously received (eyes, ears, skin)
Visceral sensory: input not consciously received (heart, blood vessels)

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43
Q

Motor nervous system

A

Somatic motor: motor output voluntarily controlled; effector is skeletal muscle
Autonomic motor: motor output involuntarily controlled; effector is smooth muscle and cardiac muscle also glands

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44
Q

Autonomic motor

A

Sympathetic division: speeds up body activities (fight or flight)
Parasympathetic division: slows down body activities

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45
Q

Two cell types in CNA

A

Neurons: excitable
Glial cells: supportive

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46
Q

Neuroplasticity

A

Ability of nervous system to remodel itself in response to factors

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47
Q

Neurogenesis

A

Development of new neurons, neuroplastic process and can be stimulated by injury

48
Q

Dendrites vs axons

A

Dendrites conduct impulses toward cell body
Axons conduct impulses away from cell body; only one axon

49
Q

Interneurons

A

99% of all neurons are interneurons; association neurons

50
Q

4 glial cells in CNS

A

Oligodendrocyte, ependymal, astrocyte, microglial

51
Q

Astrocytes

A

Surround brain capillaries
Create blood-brain barrier
Repair and scarring process of brain and spinal cord

52
Q

Ependymal cells

A

Line brain ventricles and central canal of spinal cord
Form choroid plexus

53
Q

Choroid plexi

A

Produces CSF which is a filtrate of plasma

54
Q

Microglial cells

A

Wandering phagocytes cells that ingest and remove debris throughout CNS

55
Q

Oligodendrocyte

A

Create myelin sheath which speeds up impulses

56
Q

Satellite cells

A

Flattened cells in the PNS and help regulate movement of nutrients and waste products

57
Q

Schwann cells

A

Forming myelin sheath in PNS

58
Q

Nervous tissue development

A

Neural groove appears after week 3 and fuses to form a neural tube

59
Q

Neural tube defects

A

Disorder

60
Q

4 major brain regions

A

Cerebrum, diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum

61
Q

Fold vs depressions in brain

A

Gyri are folds
Sulci are depressions

62
Q

Superior vs inferior

A

Rostral is superior and caudal is inferior

63
Q

5 regions

A

Telencephalon, diencephalon, mesencephalon, metencephalon, and myelencephalon

64
Q

Gray and white matter

A

Gray forms cerebral cortex while white forms cerebral medulla

65
Q

Spinal cord matter

A

Gray is inside and white is outside
Opposite everywhere else

66
Q

3 brain meninges

A

Dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater

67
Q

Dura Mater

A

Outermost
Forms blood filled spaces called dural sinuses
Potential space- epidural space between cranium and dura mater

68
Q

Arachnoid mater

A

Internal to dura mater
External is the subdural space and deep is the subarachnoid space

69
Q

Falx cerebri

A

Between left and right cerebral hemispheres

70
Q

Tentorium cerebelli

A

Cerebellum located underneath

71
Q

Tentorial incisure

A

Small opening for midbrain to pass through

72
Q

Falx cerebelli

A

Slightly separates cerebellum into left and right

73
Q

Diaphragm sellae

A

Forms a roof over the sella turcica

74
Q

CSF

A

Circulates in ventricles, central canal, and subarachnoid space
Buoyancy, protection, and stability

75
Q

CSF drains where

A

Via arachnoid villi

76
Q

Blood brain barrier missing where

A

Choroid plexi, hypothalamus, pineal gland

77
Q

Cerebrum

A

Thought process, memory storage and processing, skeletal muscle contractions

78
Q

Corpus callosum

A

Left and right cerebral hemispheres

79
Q

Coup contrecoup

A

Coup (brain goes towards the first impact)
Contrecoup (brain goes away from the first impact)

80
Q

Diencephalon

A

Epithalamus, thalamus, and hypothalamus

81
Q

Thalamus

A

All sensory info besides smell (olfaction)

82
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Heart rate, blood pressure, digestion, respiration, body temp, emotional responses, hunger, thirst, and circadian rhythm

83
Q

Brainstem

A

Midbrain (mesencephalon), pons, and medulla oblongata

84
Q

Midbrain

A

Visual and auditory reflexes
Posture and movement

85
Q

Pons

A

Relay impulses and controls breathing

86
Q

Medulla oblongata

A

Breathing, sensory relay center, relays info to thalamus, controls heart, controls diameter of blood vessels, sneezing, coughing, swallowing, and vomiting

87
Q

Left controls right and vice versa

A

Nerves fibers from the brain to the spinal cord cross over at the level of the medulla oblongata

88
Q

Cerebellum matter

A

Gray matter (cerebellar cortex)
White matter (arbor vitae)

89
Q

Cerebellum

A

Posture and muscle contraction

90
Q

Ataxia

A

Loss of equilibrium that presents as uncoordinated walking

91
Q

Reticular activating system

A

Arouses us from sleep
Injury to it will lead to unconscious and coma

92
Q

Limbic system

A

Memory formation, fear, happiness, and shadiness
Certain smells provoke certain emotions or memories

93
Q

Rostrocaudal brain deterioration

A

Increased pressure in the brain leads to it
-bleeding, tumors, infections

94
Q

Cerebral edema

A

If cerebellum swells from this, the brain squeezes through the tentorial incisure (lethal transtentorial herniation of cerebrum)

95
Q

Stroke

A

Weakened wall of a blood vessels ruptures and cuts off blood supply (aneurysm)
Cerebrovascular accident
Loss or blurring of vision, weakness/ numbness, headache, dizziness, walking difficulties

96
Q

Frontal lobe

A

Thinking, memory, behavior

97
Q

Parietal love

A

Language and touch

98
Q

Occipital lobe

A

Sight

99
Q

Temporal lobe

A

Hearing, learning, feelings

100
Q

4 ventricles

A

First and second are in the cerebrum (lateral ventricles) , third is in the diancephalon, fourth in brainstem

101
Q

Subdural bleeding

A

Between dura and arachnoid mater

102
Q

Epidural bleeding

A

Between inside of skull and dura mater

103
Q

Draining CSF back into blood

A

Arachnoid granulations

104
Q

Fibromyalgia

A

Chronic severe pain
Women are affected more frequently
Treatment is medication and self care

105
Q

Muscular dystrophy

A

Collective term for several hereditary diseases in which the skeletal muscles degenerate, lose strength and are replaced by adipose and fibrous connective tissue

106
Q

Duchenne muscular dystrophy

A

Sex linked recessive allele
Incurable, wheelchair bound, death by 30
Cant walk, can lead to scoliosis
Dystrophin may be a treatment

107
Q

Myasthenia gracie

A

Autoimmune
Antibodies attack neuromuscular junctions
Double vision, drooping eyelids, swallowing problems, limb weakness
Treatment: use of chokinesterase inhibitors, immunosuppressive drugs, thymectomy (removing thyroid)

108
Q

Myofascial pain syndrome

A

Excessive use of postural muscles
Can lead to flushing of the skin, sweating and goose bumps

109
Q

Tetanus

A

Spastic paralysis caused by Clostridium tetani

110
Q

Botulism

A

Potentially fatal muscular paralysis caused by Clostridium botulinum

111
Q

Rigor mortis

A

No ATP after death
Stiff for 15-24 hours

112
Q

Plantar fasciitis

A

Inflammation caused by chronic irritation of plantar aponeurosis
Attachment of plantar aponeurosis on the calcaneous bone

113
Q

Ancephaly

A

Complete absence of a brain as well as cranium
Die a few hours after birth

114
Q

Spina bifida

A

The caudal portion of the neural tube fails to close
Spina bifida cystica
Spinal cord is left unprotected and a cyst is on the back
Take folic acid!!

115
Q

Mini stroke

A

Transient ischemic attack
Temporally clot that dissolves
Indicate increased risk for future strokes

116
Q

Most common stroke?

A

Ischemic stroke

Anatomy Exam 3 (1 decks)

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