Muscles, Nervous Tissue, Brain Flashcards
(116 cards)
1
Q
Muscles convert what
A
Chemical energy into physical energy
2
Q
Skeletal muscle
A
Attached to bones and seen on exterior
3
Q
Smooth muscle
A
Essential for propelling material through internal tubes
4
Q
Cardiac muscle
A
Walls of heart, pump blood
5
Q
All muscles are
A
Excitable, contractile, elastic, extensible
6
Q
Skeletal muscle cells are referred to what
A
Muscle fibers because of their length
7
Q
Tendon
A
End of a muscle where connective tissue layers merge to form the tendon which attaches to a bone
8
Q
Origin vs insertion
A
Origin is more stationary and less moveable
Insertion is more flexible
9
Q
Motor neurons
A
Efferent because they travel away from brain
10
Q
Sensory neurons
A
Afferent and move towards brain
11
Q
Atrophy
A
Muscle wastes away
Bone density will also decrease
12
Q
Hypertrophy
A
Muscle fiber increases in size in response to exercise
This is Cameron’s goal
13
Q
Circular muscle
A
Orbicularis oris
14
Q
Parallel muscles
A
Have bundles of muscle fibers (fasicules) that run parallel to axis
Ex: Rectus abdominis and biceps brachii
15
Q
Convergent muscles
A
Widespread muscle fibers that converge on common attachment site
Ex: pectoralis major
16
Q
Pennate muscles
A
Looks like a large feather
17
Q
Unipennate
A
Fibers on same side of the tendon
Ex: extensor digitorum
18
Q
Bipennate
A
Fibers on both sides of tendon
Ex: rectus femoris
19
Q
Multipennate
A
Tendon branches within the muscle
Ex: deltoid
20
Q
Agonist
A
Muscle that contracts to produce a desired movement
21
Q
Antagonist
A
Muscle that opposes the prime move (agonist) and produces the opposite movement
22
Q
Synergistic
A
Muscles that perform the same action
Ex: quadriceps femoris muscles are syngergistic for extending the leg at the knee joint
23
Q
Aponeurosis
A
Sometimes the tendon forms a thin, flattened sheet
24
Q
Skeletal muscles named how?
A
Shape, location, attachment, position, orientation of fibers, or function
25
Aging causes what
Muscle atrophy, decreased cardiovascular performance, easy fatigue, loss of muscle muscle elasticity, and poor muscle healing after an injury
26
Restful breathing
External intercostals; ribs move up and out during inhalation
27
Forced exhalation
Internal intercostals
Draw the ribs together and depress the thorax
28
Restful exhalation
Elastic recoil of lung tissue
Internal intercostals are not used
29
What separates the Rectus abdominis
Tendinous intersections (inscriptions)
30
Rotator cuff muscles
Supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, and subscapularis
Glenohumeral joint
31
IT band
Gluteus maximus and tensor fascia latae
32
IT band syndrome
Where is passed over the lateral femoral condyle, it can cause friction and pain in runners
33
3 muscles insert at Pes Ansurine
Sartorius, gracillis, and semitendinosus
Common site for bursitis, tendinitis
34
Compartment syndrome
When pressure builds up inside fascial sheath of skeletal muscle because of bleeding or inflammation
Pressure compresses blood vessel and entire muscle will die due to lack of oxygen
35
Treatment for compartment syndrome
Decompression fasciotomy
Cut open the leg
Delayed skin closure and grafting may be required
36
RICE
Rest, ice, compression, and elevation
37
Retinaculum
Band of thickened deep fascia around tendons that holds them in place
Ex: flexor retinaculum prevents bowstringing outwards (in wrist)
38
Nervous system
PNS and CNS
39
CNS
brain and spinal cord
40
PNS
Cranial nerves and spinal nerves
Also ganglia
41
Pathway
PNS receptors process and evaluate sensory input so CNS can determine appropriate response and respond by sending impulses to effectors (muscles and glands)
42
Sensory nervous system
Somatic sensory: input that is consciously received (eyes, ears, skin)
Visceral sensory: input not consciously received (heart, blood vessels)
43
Motor nervous system
Somatic motor: motor output voluntarily controlled; effector is skeletal muscle
Autonomic motor: motor output involuntarily controlled; effector is smooth muscle and cardiac muscle also glands
44
Autonomic motor
Sympathetic division: speeds up body activities (fight or flight)
Parasympathetic division: slows down body activities
45
Two cell types in CNA
Neurons: excitable
Glial cells: supportive
46
Neuroplasticity
Ability of nervous system to remodel itself in response to factors
47
Neurogenesis
Development of new neurons, neuroplastic process and can be stimulated by injury
48
Dendrites vs axons
Dendrites conduct impulses toward cell body
Axons conduct impulses away from cell body; only one axon
49
Interneurons
99% of all neurons are interneurons; association neurons
50
4 glial cells in CNS
Oligodendrocyte, ependymal, astrocyte, microglial
51
Astrocytes
Surround brain capillaries
Create blood-brain barrier
Repair and scarring process of brain and spinal cord
52
Ependymal cells
Line brain ventricles and central canal of spinal cord
Form choroid plexus
53
Choroid plexi
Produces CSF which is a filtrate of plasma
54
Microglial cells
Wandering phagocytes cells that ingest and remove debris throughout CNS
55
Oligodendrocyte
Create myelin sheath which speeds up impulses
56
Satellite cells
Flattened cells in the PNS and help regulate movement of nutrients and waste products
57
Schwann cells
Forming myelin sheath in PNS
58
Nervous tissue development
Neural groove appears after week 3 and fuses to form a neural tube
59
Neural tube defects
Disorder
60
4 major brain regions
Cerebrum, diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum
61
Fold vs depressions in brain
Gyri are folds
Sulci are depressions
62
Superior vs inferior
Rostral is superior and caudal is inferior
63
5 regions
Telencephalon, diencephalon, mesencephalon, metencephalon, and myelencephalon
64
Gray and white matter
Gray forms cerebral cortex while white forms cerebral medulla
65
Spinal cord matter
Gray is inside and white is outside
Opposite everywhere else
66
3 brain meninges
Dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater
67
Dura Mater
Outermost
Forms blood filled spaces called dural sinuses
Potential space- epidural space between cranium and dura mater
68
Arachnoid mater
Internal to dura mater
External is the subdural space and deep is the subarachnoid space
69
Falx cerebri
Between left and right cerebral hemispheres
70
Tentorium cerebelli
Cerebellum located underneath
71
Tentorial incisure
Small opening for midbrain to pass through
72
Falx cerebelli
Slightly separates cerebellum into left and right
73
Diaphragm sellae
Forms a roof over the sella turcica
74
CSF
Circulates in ventricles, central canal, and subarachnoid space
Buoyancy, protection, and stability
75
CSF drains where
Via arachnoid villi
76
Blood brain barrier missing where
Choroid plexi, hypothalamus, pineal gland
77
Cerebrum
Thought process, memory storage and processing, skeletal muscle contractions
78
Corpus callosum
Left and right cerebral hemispheres
79
Coup contrecoup
Coup (brain goes towards the first impact)
Contrecoup (brain goes away from the first impact)
80
Diencephalon
Epithalamus, thalamus, and hypothalamus
81
Thalamus
All sensory info besides smell (olfaction)
82
Hypothalamus
Heart rate, blood pressure, digestion, respiration, body temp, emotional responses, hunger, thirst, and circadian rhythm
83
Brainstem
Midbrain (mesencephalon), pons, and medulla oblongata
84
Midbrain
Visual and auditory reflexes
Posture and movement
85
Pons
Relay impulses and controls breathing
86
Medulla oblongata
Breathing, sensory relay center, relays info to thalamus, controls heart, controls diameter of blood vessels, sneezing, coughing, swallowing, and vomiting
87
Left controls right and vice versa
Nerves fibers from the brain to the spinal cord cross over at the level of the medulla oblongata
88
Cerebellum matter
Gray matter (cerebellar cortex)
White matter (arbor vitae)
89
Cerebellum
Posture and muscle contraction
90
Ataxia
Loss of equilibrium that presents as uncoordinated walking
91
Reticular activating system
Arouses us from sleep
Injury to it will lead to unconscious and coma
92
Limbic system
Memory formation, fear, happiness, and shadiness
Certain smells provoke certain emotions or memories
93
Rostrocaudal brain deterioration
Increased pressure in the brain leads to it
-bleeding, tumors, infections
94
Cerebral edema
If cerebellum swells from this, the brain squeezes through the tentorial incisure (lethal transtentorial herniation of cerebrum)
95
Stroke
Weakened wall of a blood vessels ruptures and cuts off blood supply (aneurysm)
Cerebrovascular accident
Loss or blurring of vision, weakness/ numbness, headache, dizziness, walking difficulties
96
Frontal lobe
Thinking, memory, behavior
97
Parietal love
Language and touch
98
Occipital lobe
Sight
99
Temporal lobe
Hearing, learning, feelings
100
4 ventricles
First and second are in the cerebrum (lateral ventricles) , third is in the diancephalon, fourth in brainstem
101
Subdural bleeding
Between dura and arachnoid mater
102
Epidural bleeding
Between inside of skull and dura mater
103
Draining CSF back into blood
Arachnoid granulations
104
Fibromyalgia
Chronic severe pain
Women are affected more frequently
Treatment is medication and self care
105
Muscular dystrophy
Collective term for several hereditary diseases in which the skeletal muscles degenerate, lose strength and are replaced by adipose and fibrous connective tissue
106
Duchenne muscular dystrophy
Sex linked recessive allele
Incurable, wheelchair bound, death by 30
Cant walk, can lead to scoliosis
Dystrophin may be a treatment
107
Myasthenia gracie
Autoimmune
Antibodies attack neuromuscular junctions
Double vision, drooping eyelids, swallowing problems, limb weakness
Treatment: use of chokinesterase inhibitors, immunosuppressive drugs, thymectomy (removing thyroid)
108
Myofascial pain syndrome
Excessive use of postural muscles
Can lead to flushing of the skin, sweating and goose bumps
109
Tetanus
Spastic paralysis caused by Clostridium tetani
110
Botulism
Potentially fatal muscular paralysis caused by Clostridium botulinum
111
Rigor mortis
No ATP after death
Stiff for 15-24 hours
112
Plantar fasciitis
Inflammation caused by chronic irritation of plantar aponeurosis
Attachment of plantar aponeurosis on the calcaneous bone
113
Ancephaly
Complete absence of a brain as well as cranium
Die a few hours after birth
114
Spina bifida
The caudal portion of the neural tube fails to close
Spina bifida cystica
Spinal cord is left unprotected and a cyst is on the back
Take folic acid!!
115
Mini stroke
Transient ischemic attack
Temporally clot that dissolves
Indicate increased risk for future strokes
116
Most common stroke?
Ischemic stroke
