Muscles of the Leg Flashcards
(97 cards)
1
Q
Which of the adductors has the longest origin?
A
Adductor magnus
2
Q
What is the extent of adductor magnus’ origin?
A
From inferior pubic ramus to ischial ramus
3
Q
Why is the last part of adductor magnus called the hamstrings part?
A
Has origin very close to hamstrings
Implications for nerve supply
4
Q
What is the anatomical definition of the leg?
A
Between knee and ankle
5
Q
Does the leg have a fascia?
A
Yes
Thick
Continuous with tensor fascia lata of thigh
6
Q
Where is the deep fascia of the leg?
A
Encircles tibia and fibula, and all muscles
7
Q
Where is the posterior compartment of the leg?
A
Behind
- Interosseus membrane
- Tibia
- Fibula
- Posterior intermuscular septum
8
Q
Where is the anterior compartment of the leg?
A
In front of
- Tibia
- Interosseus membrane
- Fibula
- Anterior intermuscular septum
9
Q
Where is the lateral compartment of the leg?
A
Between fibula and exterior of deep fascia
10
Q
How many planes of muscle does each compartment of the leg have?
A
Anterior and lateral = 1
Posterior = 2
- Superficial
- Deep
11
Q
What do the muscles in the anterior compartment of the leg do?
A
Dorsi-flex foot
Extend toes
12
Q
What do the muscles in the posterior compartment of the leg do?
A
Plantar-flex foot
Flex toes
13
Q
What do the muscles in the lateral compartment of the leg do?
A
Evert foot
14
Q
How is the deep fascia of the leg tethered to the fibula?
A
Via anterior and posterior intermuscular septum
15
Q
How is the deep fascia of the leg tethered to the tibia?
A
Adheres directly to subcutaneous surface
16
Q
Where is the interosseus membrane in the leg?
A
Between tibia and fibula
17
Q
How many muscles are there in the anterior compartment of the leg?
A
3
18
Q
How many muscles are there in the lateral compartment of the leg?
A
2
19
Q
What are the muscles of the anterior compartment of the leg?
A
Tibialis anterior
Extensor hallicus longus
Extensor digitorum longus
20
Q
From where do all the muscles of the anterior compartment of the leg arise?
A
Anterior aspects of shafts of tibia and fibula
21
Q
What is the neurovascular supply of the anterior compartment of the leg?
A
Deep fibular nerve
Anterior tibial vessels
22
Q
What does tibialis anterior do?
A
Dorsiflexor and inverter of foot
23
Q
Where does tibialis anterior go?
A
Medial aspect of foot
24
Q
What is the origin of tibialis anterior?
A
Anterior aspect of shaft of tibia and interosseus membrane
25
What is the distal attachment of tibialis anterior?
Medial cuneiform and base of 1st metatarsal
26
What does extensor hallicus longus do?
Dorsiflexor/extensor of great toe
27
What is the insertion of extensor hallicus longus?
Base of distal phalanx of great toe
28
What action does extensor hallicus longus have over all the joints it passes over?
Extends them
- Ankle
- Joints of foot
- Interphalangeal joint of great toe
29
What does extensor digitorum longus do?
Dorsiflexor/extensor of toes 2-5
30
What is the origin of extensor digitorum longus?
Anterior aspect of shaft of fibula and interosseus membrane
31
What happens to the tendon of extensor digitorum longus on the lateral toes?
Broadens into dorsal expansion - 1 for each toe
32
What are the insertions of extensor digitorum longus?
Central part of each tendon goes into base of 2nd phalanx
| Lateral parts of each tendon go into base of distal phalanx
33
What is fibularis tertius?
Small part of extensor digitorum longus
Shares same belly
Has separate tendon that splits off
34
What is the attachment of fibularis tertius?
Base of 5th metatarsal
35
Does fibularis tertius extend the toes?
No
36
Where is extensor digitorum brevis?
On dorsum of foot
| Extensions going to each of toes
37
During flexion of the ankle, what holds the tendons in place and stops them from bowstringing?
Extensor retinaculum
38
Describe the two bands of the extensor retinaculum
Superior band = thickening in deep fascia
- Proximal to ankle
Inferior band = Y shaped
- Upper part of Y extends across medial malleolus > blends into deep fascia of sole of foot
- Lower part of Y attaches to lateral aspect of calcaneus
39
What is the deep fascia of the sole of the foot called?
Plantar fascia
40
What is the mnemonic for remembering the arrangement of structures running underneath the extensor retinaculum and onto the dorsum of the foot, from medial to lateral?
Timothy has a nasty, dirty toe
41
What does "Timothy has a nasty, dirty toe" stand for?
```
Timothy = tibialis anterior
Has = extensor hallicus longus
A = anterior tibial artery and veins
Nasty = deep fibular nerve
Dirty = Extensor digitorum longus
Toe = fibularis tertius
```
42
What are the muscles of the lateral compartment of the leg?
Fibularis longus
| Fibularis brevis
43
What do fibularis longus and brevis do?
Evert foot
44
What is the origin of fibularis longus and brevis?
Lateral fibula
45
Compare the origins and insertions of fibularis longus and brevis
Fibularis longus has more proximal origin and distal insertion than fibularis brevis
46
Which fibularis muscle is deep to which?
Fibularis brevis deep to fibularis longus
47
What is the relationship between the tendons of fibularis longus and brevis and the lateral malleolus?
Both pass behind
| Fibularis brevis grooves bone as it passes directly behind
48
What is the insertion of fibularis brevis?
Base of 5th metatarsal
49
How does fibularis longus get to its insertion?
Passes onto sole of foot
Grooves cuboid bone along the way
Goes right over to medial side of foot
50
What is the insertion of fibularis longus?
Base of 1st metatarsal and medial cuneiform
51
With which muscle does fibularis longus share its insertion?
Tibialis anterior
52
What is the nerve supply of the lateral compartment of the leg?
Superficial fibular nerve
53
What is the retinaculum of the lateral compartment of the leg?
Fibular retinaculum
54
Where does the fibular retinaculum hold the tendons of the lateral compartment in place?
2 parts, as they pass behind lateral malleolus
55
What is the extent of the superior part of the fibular retinaculum?
From lateral malleolus
| To lateral calcaneus
56
What is the extent of the inferior part of the fibular retinaculum?
Continuous with inferior part of extensor retinaculum as it goes onto lateral part of calcaneus
57
What is the arrangement of the tendons of the lateral compartment of the leg as they pass under the inferior part of the fibular retinaculum?
```
Superior = fibularis brevis
Inferior = fibularis longus
```
58
What is the neurovascular supply of the posterior compartment of the leg?
Innervated by tibial nerve
| Supplied by posterior tibial vessels
59
What are the superficial muscles of the posterior compartment of the leg?
Gastrocnemeus
Soleus
Plantaris
60
Describe the bellies of gastrocnemius
```
2 fleshy bellies
1 from each of condyles of femur
Medial head from medial condyle
Lateral head from lateral condyle
Forms bulk of calf
```
61
Where do all the superficial muscles of the posterior compartment of the leg converge?
On thick tendon at back of heel = tendocalcaneus
62
Where does tendocalcaneus go onto?
Posterior surface of calcaneus
63
What is tendocalcaneus also known as?
Achilles' tendon
64
Where do the tendons of the deep muscles of the posterior compartment of the leg go?
Onto sole of foot
65
What do the tendons of the deep muscles of the posterior compartment of the leg do on the sole of the foot?
Flex toes
66
What is happening to plantaris phylogenetically?
Degenerating from species
67
What is the origin of plantaris?
Edge to edge with lateral belly of gastrocnemius, just above it
68
What is the course of plantaris?
Runs underneath medial head of gastrocnemius
69
What is the insertion of plantaris?
Long slender tendon blends with medial aspect of tendocalcaneus
70
In which compartment is popliteus?
Posterior compartment of leg
71
What is the shape of popliteus?
Thing
| Triangular
72
What is popliteus' relationship to the popliteal fossa?
Forms inferior part of floor
73
What is the popliteal fossa?
Diamond shaped region at back of knee
74
What forms the bony part above the popliteal fossa?
Popliteal surface of femur
75
What's in the middle of the popliteal fossa?
Ligamentous/capsular part directly behind knee joint
76
What is the proximal attachment of popliteus?
Lateral aspect of lateral femoral condyle and lateral meniscus
77
What is the distal attachment of popliteus?
Tibia above soleal line
78
What is popliteus' signficance as a flexor?
Insignificant
79
What does popliteus do?
Important role in unlocking knee
80
What is between the two attachments of the origin of soleus?
Fibrous arch
81
Where does the neurovascular bundle for the posterior compartment go once it comes through the popliteal fossa?
Goes under fibrous arch of soleus
82
Describe the origin of soleus
Horseshoe shaped, spanning tibia and fibula
| Linear origin edge to edge with inferior margin of popliteus
83
What vascular structure is deep to soleus?
Complex venous plexus
| Muscular action of soleus pushes blood back up to heart = calf muscle pump
84
What are the deep muscles of the posterior compartment of the leg?
Flexor digitorum longus
tibialis posterior
Flexor hallicus longus
85
Which muscle is in the centre of the deep part of the posterior compartment of the leg?
Tibialis posterior
86
Which muscle is medial in the deep part of the posterior compartment of the leg?
Flexor digitorum longus
87
Which muscle is lateral in the deep part of the posterior compartment of the leg?
Flexor hallicus longus
88
What does tibialis posterior do?
Plantar-flexor
89
What happens when tibialis anterior and posterior contract together?
Invert foot
90
Where do the deep posterior compartment muscles of the leg go as they reach the foot?
Pass behind medial malleolus
| Onto sole of foot
91
What stops the deep muscles of the posterior compartment of the leg from bowstringing at the ankle?
Flexor retinaculum
92
What is the extent of the flexor retinaculum?
From medial malleolus down to side of calcaneus
93
Where does flexor hallicus longus go after passing under the flexor retinaculum?
Heads towards great toes
| Crosses under flexor digitorum longus
94
What is the insertion of tibialis posterior?
Medial cuneiform and base of 5th metatarsal
95
Where does flexor digitorum longus go after passing under the flexor retinaculum?
Heads onto toes 2-5
| Crosses over flexor hallicus longus
96
What is the mnemonic to remember the order of structures passing under the flexor retinaculum?
Tom, Dick, and very naughty Harry
97
What does "Tom, Dick, and very naughty Harry" stand for?
```
Tom = tibialis posterior
Dick = flexor digitorum longus
And = Posterior tibial artery
Very = posterior tibial veins
Naughty = tibial nerve
Harry = flexor hallicus longus
```
