Muscoskeletal

Question 1

Function of a skeleton

Answer 1

• provides support
• protects internal organs
• allows movement

Question 2

Hydrostatic skeleton

Answer 2

Fluid-filled closed chamber within an organism

Question 3

Exoskeleton

Answer 3

Surrounds the body of the organism

Question 4

Function of hydrostatic skeleton

Answer 4

• provides support against which muscles can contract to bring about movement
• cushion internal organs from shock
• occur in soft-bodied invertebrates

Question 6

Disadvantages of hydrostatic skeleton

Answer 6

• lack of well developed skeletal defence mechanisms
• confined to areas in or near water
• limited size

Question 7

Advantages of exoskeleton

Answer 7

• external structure that support the animal
• protects the internal organs from injury
• has joints which allows animals to move more easily
• covered in waxy cuticle

Question 9

Disadvantages of exoskeleton

Answer 9

• limits growth
• limits mobility
• vulnerable during moulting period

Question 10

Advantages of endoskeleton

Answer 10

• supports the body, giving it shape
• made of living tissue that can grow
• protects internal organs
• provides anchor for muscles which work with bones to allow movement

Question 11

Cartilage made from:

Answer 11

• chondrocytes in lacunae surrounded by chondrin (collagen fibres and elastin fibres)
• tissue fluid

Question 12

NB of cartilage

Answer 12

• lines many joints allowing smooth movement
• shock absorber between vertebrae
• forms flexible structures

Question 13

Bone made of:

Answer 13

• made of osteocytes in lacunae set in matrix
• matrix made up of collagen fibres and minerals (eg calcium salts which makes bone hard)

Question 14

Compact bone

Answer 14

• found on surface of bones and shafts
• very hard and dense
• made up of haversian systems and osteons
• provides strength and support

Question 15

Spongy bone

Answer 15

• lighter than compact bone
• made up of traebeculae which are arranged along stress lines to form an irregular network
• able to form erythrocytes and leucocytes in red bone marrow between the trabeculae

Question 16

Long Bones

Answer 16

• longer than they are wide
• made up of diaphysis and two epiphyses
• found in limbs
• provide support
• provide attachment for muscles

Question 17

Short bone

Answer 17

• cube shaped bones
• made up of spongy bone w thin layer of compact bone
• wrist and ankles to rotate and move in many directions

Question 18

Flat bones

Answer 18

• thin, flattened and slightly curved bones
• two parallel layers of compact bone with spongy bone in between
• protects parts of body
• large SA for attachment of muscles
• cranial bones, breastbones, ribs etc

Question 19

Irregular bones

Answer 19

• don not fit into any of the other 3 classes
• complicated shapes
• mainly spongy bones enclosed by a thin layer of compact bone

Question 20

Human skeleton

Answer 20

• support
• protection
• movement
• blood cells
• mineral salts
• hearing

Question 21

Axial skeleton

Answer 21

• skull
• vertebral column
• rib cage
• sternum

Question 22

Appendicular skeleton

Answer 22

* upper and lower limbs * pectoral girdle * pelvic girdle