Muscular

Question 1

refers to the study of the muscular system.

Answer 1

Myology

Question 2

What does the muscular system consist of?

Answer 2

The muscular system contains all the muscles that connect to bones and help the body to move.

Question 3

How is the movement of skeletal muscles controlled?

Answer 3

controlled voluntarily.

Question 4

What are the three types of muscles in the muscular system?

Answer 4

The three types of muscles are skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscles.

Question 5

What are the five properties of muscles?

Answer 5

The five properties of muscles are excitability, contractility, extensibility, elasticity, and tonicity.

Question 6

the capacity of muscles to receive and respond to stimulus.

Answer 6

Excitability

Question 7

the capacity of the muscles to shorten and tighten.

Answer 7

Contractility

Question 8

the capacity of the muscles to stretch/extend upon the application of force.

Answer 8

Extensibility

Question 9

the ability of the muscle to regain the original shape and size after being stretched.

Answer 9

Elasticity

Question 10

the ability of the muscle to steadily maintain a certain level of tension.

Answer 10

Tonicity

Question 11

What are the two major types of muscles based on action?

Answer 11

voluntary and involuntary.

Question 12

What are the major functions of voluntary muscles?

Answer 12

Major functions include maintenance of posture and provision of externally visible action/movement.

Question 13

What are the major functions of involuntary muscles?

Answer 13

Major functions include propulsion of substances, expulsion of stored substances, and regulation of openings and tube diameters.

Question 14

What is the composition of muscle cells?

Answer 14

Muscle cells are composed of 75% water, 20% CHON, and 5% glycogen.

Question 15

What are the characteristics of skeletal muscles?

Answer 15

Skeletal muscles are striated and under voluntary control, except for the diaphragm.

Question 16

What are the characteristics of cardiac muscles?

Answer 16

Cardiac muscles are striated and under involuntary control.

Question 17

What are the characteristics of smooth muscles?

Answer 17

Smooth muscles are non-striated and under involuntary control.

Question 18

What is the structure of a skeletal muscle?

Answer 18

A skeletal muscle is composed mainly of striated muscle cells and connective tissue.

Question 19

What are the three layers of connective tissue in skeletal muscles?

Answer 19

The three layers are epimysium, perimysium, and endomysium.

Question 20

a cord of dense fibrous connective tissue that attaches a muscle to the periosteum of a bone.

Answer 20

tendon

Question 21

a tendon that takes the form of a broad, flat layer of thin sheets.

Answer 21

aponeurosis

Question 22

What is the origin of a skeletal muscle?

Answer 22

The origin is the less movable, generally proximal attachment point of a muscle tendon.

Question 23

What is the insertion of a skeletal muscle?

Answer 23

The insertion is the more movable end, generally distal to the movable bone.

Question 24

the widest portion of a muscle located between the origin and insertion.

Answer 24

belly

Question 25

What are the shapes of skeletal muscles?

Answer 25

Shapes include longitudinal/parallel, pennate, convergent/radiate, circular, and fusiform.

Question 26

are elongated cylindrical cells that lie parallel to one another.

Answer 26

Muscle fibers

Question 27

the plasma membrane that surrounds the muscle fibers.

Answer 27

sarcolemma

Question 28

the cytoplasm of the muscle fiber, containing enzymes and myofibrils.

Answer 28

sarcoplasm

Question 29

a network of membrane-enclosed tubules that transports products within the muscle fiber.

Answer 29

sarcoplasmic reticulum

Question 30

extensions of the sarcolemma that run transversely through the fiber.

Answer 30

T-tubules

Question 31

consists of a T-tubule and the segments of sarcoplasmic reticulum on either side.

Answer 31

triad

Question 32

cylindrical structures that consist of thin and thick myofilaments.

Answer 32

Myofibrils

Question 33

What are the three bands of myofilament?

Answer 33

The three bands are I-band, A-band, and Z-line.

Question 34

a light colored area composed of thin myofilaments only.

Answer 34

The I-band

Question 35

represents the length of thick myofilaments and overlaps with thin myofilaments.

Answer 35

The A-band

Question 36

a narrow zone that separates sarcomeres from one another.

Answer 36

The Z-line

Question 37

contain the actin-binding site and an ATP binding site.

Answer 37

Cross bridges

Question 38

the storehouses of the cell.

Answer 38

Mitochondria

Question 39

the entire heart contracts as one unit called a

Answer 39

syncytium

Question 40

These muscle cells are also called cardiocytes/heart muscle

Answer 40

Cardiac muscle

Question 41

What is the diameter and length of a cardiac muscle?

Answer 41

it has a length of 50-100 μm and diameter of 10-20 μm.

Question 42

ability of the muscle to be stretched without developing a lasting high tension.

Answer 42

Plasticity

Question 43

What is the length and width of a smooth muscle?

Answer 43

It has a of length of 30-200 μm and a width of 5-10 μm.

Question 44

dilated sacs of sarcoplasmic reticulum

Answer 44

Terminal cistern

Question 45

does not produce movement but increases firmness of muscle that maintains posture

Answer 45

Tonic

Question 46

responsible for movements of the arms and legs, where muscle tension remains constant during contraction but the length of the muscle shortens.

Answer 46

Isotonic

Question 47

length of muscle does not change but the amount of tension increases during the contraction process

Answer 47

Isometric

Question 48

contraction of an entire muscle in response to a stimulus that causes an action potential in one or more muscle fibers, resulting in a rapid, jerky response.

Answer 48

Twitch

Question 49

smooth, sustained contraction produced by a series of very rapid stimuli to a muscle

Answer 49

Tetanic

Question 50

a rapid stimulation occurs in which tension produced will rise to a peak and a period of relaxation will be very short to brief.

Answer 50

Incomplete tetatus

Question 51

the frequency of stimulation is so high that the relaxation phase has been completely eliminated.

Answer 51

Complete tetatus

Question 52

a staircase effect or phenomenon, and is the gradual increase in the amount of contraction by a muscle caused by rapid repeated stimuli of the same strength

Answer 52

Treppe

Question 53

cardiac arrhythmia in which muscles of the heart function irregularly

Answer 53

Fribrillation

Question 54

a violent, involuntary contraction of the entire muscle group

Answer 54

Convulsion

Question 55

a violent, involuntary contraction of the entire muscle group

Answer 55

Convulsion

Question 56

an abnormal congenital condition characterized by progressive symmetric wasting of the leg and pelvic muscles

Answer 56

Duchenne’s muscular dystrophy

Question 57

decrease in muscle size as a result of disuse/immobility

Answer 57

Muscular atrophy

Question 58

painful spastic muscle contraction resulting from irritation within the muscle

Answer 58

Cramps