Muscular System! Flashcards
(107 cards)
1
Q
Multinucleate
A
Skeletal muscle fibers!
2
Q
Cell membrane”
A
Sarcolemma
3
Q
“Long & ribbon-like nearly fill the the cytoplasm”
A
Myofibrils
4
Q
Alternating bands create striated appearance “
A
Myofibrils = dark bands & light bands
5
Q
Dark bands
A
A
6
Q
Light bands
A
I
7
Q
Myofibrils are chains of tiny units called
A
Sarcomeres
8
Q
Like a train made of individual cars” , made of even smaller units “
A
Sarcomeres!
9
Q
Threadlike proteins called, what? , two per sarcomere: one thick & one thin
A
Myofilaments!
10
Q
Mostly made of myosin, also contains enzymes to split atp for energy
A
Thick filaments
11
Q
“Extend the entire length of dark/A band & centers smooth, ends have myosin heads as projections”
A
Thick filaments
12
Q
Made of actin plus some regulatory proteins
A
Thin filaments
13
Q
Thin filaments anchored at where?
A
Z disk
14
Q
Light / I band includes only thin filaments , from two adjacent sarcomeres
A
Thin filaments, anchored at z disk
15
Q
Interconnecting tubules surrounding each myofibril, store calcium and release it to contract” calcium = go signal
A
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
16
Q
Tha dark / A band is made of
A
Thick filament: mostly made of myosin
17
Q
The light/ I band is made of
A
Thin filaments : made of actin
18
Q
The actin is anchored at
A
Z disk
19
Q
Special properties of muscle fibers: “ ability to receive and respond to a stimulus”
A
Irritability: responsiveness
20
Q
Special properties of muscles fibers: “ ability to forcibly shorten”
A
Contractility
21
Q
Special properties of muscle fibers; “ ability to stretch”
A
Extensibility
22
Q
Special properties of muscle fiber: “ ability to recoil and resume resting length”
A
Elasticity
23
Q
Stimulation to contract comes from where?
A
Nerve impulses
24
Q
“One motor neuron* all the muscle fibers it stimulates ( from a few to hundreds)
A
Motor unit
25
“Threadlike extension that branches into axon terminals”
Axon
26
“Each axon terminal forms junctions with the sarcolemma of a different muscle cell”
Neuromuscular junctions
27
Each NMJ contains what, filled with a signaling chemical called what, crosses what
Synaptic vesicles, neurotransmitter, synaptic cleft
28
Process when nerve impulse reaches the axon terminal: what channels open?
Calcium
29
Process when nerve impulse reaches the axon terminal: what enters terminal
Ca2+
30
Process when nerve impulse reaches the axon terminal: calcium causes what to be released
ACh
31
Process when nerve impulse reaches the axon terminal: what diffuses across synaptic cleft; binds to receptors in sarcolemma
ACh
32
Process when nerve impulse reaches the axon terminal: channels open in where , to allow sodium (Na+) to enter muscle fiber and potassium (K+) to leave.
Sarcolemma
33
Process when nerve impulse reaches the axon terminal: “more what enters than K+ leavings creates positive charge, reverses resting conditions called what
Na+ & depolarization
34
Process when nerve impulse reaches the axon terminal: depolarization opens more channels for Na+ entry creates what?
Action potential
35
Process when nerve impulse reaches the axon terminal: “ electrical current that travels over where & conducts impulse from one cell of cell to other
Sarcolemma
36
Process when nerve impulse reaches the axon terminal: “what in synaptic cleft breaks down, ion channels close & one nerve impulse only creates one contraction”
ACh
37
What returns cell to resting state? Diffussion of what? Out of muscles cell & operation of which pump that actively restores balance
K+ & Na+/K+
38
When the muscle finer contracts , myosin heads attach to binding sites on actin and it creates what
Cross bridges
39
Each what attaches and detaches several times during one contraction
Cross bridge
40
Tension pulls what towards center of sarcomere
Actin
41
What cross bridges “walk “ along actin, some always in contact with actin so ut can’l slide backwards
Myosin
42
Describes as “themselves do not shorten,just move towards each other
Myofilaments
43
Release of what triggers binding if myosin to actin
Calcium ions
44
Formation of cross bridge requires what?
ATP
45
“Different degrees of shortening
Graded response
46
Depend on what of muscle stimulation and what of muscle fibers being stimulated
Frequency & number
47
Nerve impulses come rapidly effects of contractions are what?
Summed
48
Summed: “ some relaxation between contractions
Unfused/ incomplete tetanus
49
Summed: “no evidence of relaxation between contractions “
Fused/ complete tetanus
50
Describes : as is hydrolyzed to release energy for muscle contractions
Atp
51
Only a few seconds’s worth of what is stored!
Atp
52
Must regenerate what to keep working
ATP
53
3 methods
P-P-P, Ribose sugar, adenine
54
Direct phosphorylation by what
Creatine phosphate ( CP)
55
Cp transfers phosphate to what, rebenerating what
ADP, & ATP
56
Still exhausted in seconds
Direct phosphorylation by creatine phosphate ( CP)
57
“Glucose broken down to Co2 and water, energy release is captured in atp” & 32 atp/glucose & takes place in where & pathways called what
Aerobic pathway, mitochondria, oxidative phosphorylation
58
Glycolysis, does not need oxygen, occurs in where & glucose broken down to pyruvuc acid, normally delivered to aerobic pathway, but not enough time for aerobic if activity is intense, pyruvuc acid becomes lactic acid instead, & 2.5 times faster than aerobic, but only makes 5% as much ATP
Anaerobic glycolysis & lactic acid formation & occurs in cytosol
59
No oxygen
Anaerobic glycolysis
60
Has oxygen
Aerobic glycolysis
61
Muscle unable to contract despite stimulation
Muscle fatigue
62
Caused by what and NMJ problems , but mainly what deficit
Ion imbalances & oxygen deficit
63
Most people stop before muscle entirely disabled & one reason for heavy breathing during/after excretion
Muscle fatigue
64
Types of muscle contractions: “ actin/ myosin sliding motion, muscle shortens”
Isotonic(same tone) contractions
65
Types of muscle contractions: “myosin filaments “spinning their wheels” , muscle length doesn’t change
Isometric ( same length) contractions
66
Continous partial contraction
Muscle tone
67
Different groups of what ‘take turns’
Muscle fibers
68
If nerve to muscle is destroyed, what is lost
Tone
69
If nerve to muscle is destroyed, tone is lost
Flaccid paralysis
70
If muscle tone too severe
Spastic paralysis
71
Exercise & muscles; big muscles
Isometric work out
72
Types of muscle contractions: “increased efficiency of cardiovascular systems”
Aerobic work out
73
Homeostatic imbalance: motor neurons degenerate over time = progressive paralysis
Amyotropic lateral sclerosis (Als/gherig’s disease)
74
Muscle contracts
Normal nerve cell
75
Muscle unable to contracts
Nerve with sclerosis
76
Muscle movements: attachment point to less moveable bone
Origin
77
Attachment point to more moveable bone
Insertion
78
In general, body movement= what contracting across joints
Muscles
79
Skeletal muscle interactions: Muscles can’t what , only pull
Push
80
Skeletal muscle interactions:
Work in pairs that can what each other’s action
Reverse
81
Skeletal muscle interactions:
What has major responsibility for a movement & what reverses that
Prime mover & antagonist
82
Skeletal muscle interactions:
Example: biceps /triceps
Primer mover & antagonist
83
Skeletal muscle interactions: “help prime movers by producing same movement or reducing undesirable movements “ ex. Wrist, joints
Synergists
84
Skeletal muscle interactions: hold a bone still or stabilize origin of prime mover ex. Postural muscles
Fixators
85
Biceps brachii (flexor) , contracting
Prime mover
86
Triceps brachii( extensor) , relaxing
Antagonists
87
Fixator, deltoid, contracting
Synergist
88
Biceps brachii, contracting
Prime mover
89
Pronatir teres, contracting
Synergist
90
Naming skeletal muscles: rectus vs oblique
Direction of fibers
91
Naming skeletal muscles: maximus, minimus, longus, etc
Relative size of muscle
92
Naming skeletal muscles: frontalis, temporalid, etc, named bone
Location of muscle
93
Naming skeletal muscles: biceps, triceps, quadriceps, etc
Number of origins
94
Naming skeletal muscles: deltoid, etc
Shape of muscle
95
Naming skeletal muscles: flexor, extensor, adductor, etc
Action of muscle
96
Developmental aspects of the muscular system: “ in what, muscles developed in segments, then segments invaded by nerves
Embryo
97
Developmental aspects of the muscular system: “ able to produce perceptible motion by week 16 of gestation
Embryo
98
Developmental aspects of the muscular system: “ multiple genes determine speacialization at different stages of development
Embryo
99
Developmental aspects of the muscular system: muscle control as an infant tracks what system development
Nervous system
100
Developmental aspects of the muscular system: “goes from what direction, coarse to fine controls
Muscle control; Superior to inferior
101
Developmental aspects of the muscular system: good blood supply means what to infection throughout life
Muscles resistant
102
Developmental aspects of the muscular system: amount of what tissue in muscles decreases with age, cause of muscle mass loss in elderly
Connective tissue
103
Developmental aspects of the muscular system: muscle power decreases by what % by 80 if no training
50%
104
Homeostatic imbalances : congenital muscle problems rare , but do occur = “ muscles can appear to enlarge due to deposits of fat & connective tissue, but muscle cells degenerating
Muscular dystrophy
105
Homeostatic imbalances : congenital muscle problems rare , but do occur most common, almost 100% in boys, diagnose age 2-7
Duchenne’s muscular dystrophy
106
Homeostatic imbalances : congenital muscle problems rare , but do occur = “muscle fibers lack of what, which maintains Sarcolemma, children become clumsy/weak and progressively lose muscle function
Dystrophin
107
Homeostatic imbalances : “ shortage of Ach receptors at NMJ’s , autoimmune , muscle fibers not being stimulated, get progressively weaker
Myasthenia gravis
