Musculo-skeletal System

Question 1

What is the skeleton divided into?

Answer 1

Axial and appendicular skeleton

Question 2

What is the axial skeleton comprised of and what is its function?

Answer 2

Skull
Vertebral column
Sternum
Ribs
Protection

Question 3

What does the axial skeleton form?

Answer 3

Longitudinal axis of the body

Question 4

What is the appendicular skeleton comprised of and what is its function?

Answer 4

Upper and lower extremities
Pectoral and pelvic girdle
Movement

Question 5

What is the diaphysis?

Answer 5

Shaft of long bone

Formed from primary ossification centre

Question 6

What is the epiphysis

Answer 6

Ends of long bone

Secondary ossification centres

Question 7

What is the epiphyseal plate and what is its function?

Answer 7

Separates diaphysis and epiphysis
Thin layer of cartilage
Becomes epiphyseal line in adult bone

Question 8

What is the metaphysis

Answer 8

The ends of the diaphysis

Where bone growth occurs

Question 9

List 6 functions of the skeleton

Answer 9

Support
Protection
Anchor/lever for movement
Mineral store (Ca)
Haemopoiesic (RBC production)
Lipid storage in emergencies (Yellow bone marrow)

Question 10

List the 5 classifications of bones

Answer 10

Long bones
Short bones
Flat bones
Irregular bones
Sesamoid bones

Question 11

List the features of a long bone and give examples

Answer 11

Head, shaft and base

Femur, phylanges of finger

Question 12

Give an example of a short (cuboidal) bone

Answer 12

Calcaneus of heel

Question 13

Give an example of irregular bone

Answer 13

Sphenoid (in skull)

Question 14

GGive an example of a flat bone

Answer 14

Pariental bone (skull)

Question 15

Give an example of a sesamoid bone

Answer 15

Patella (knee cap)

Question 16

What are pneumatic bones?

Answer 16

Bones with sinuses (air pockets)

Usually found in the face

Question 17

What are accessory bones?

Answer 17

Bones formed when long bones don’t fully fuse

Question 18

What is a joint?

Answer 18

Where 2 or bones articulate

Question 19

How are joints classified?

Answer 19

Structure and movements

Question 20

What are the three main types of joint?

Answer 20

Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Synovial

Question 21

How much movement do fibrous joints allow?

Answer 21

None

Question 22

How much movement do cartilaginous joints allow?

Answer 22

Very little

Question 23

How much movement do synovial joints allow?

Answer 23

A variety

Question 24

List 3 features of fibrous sutures joints

Answer 24

Only between bones of skull
Joined by fibrous tissue
Limited movement until 20yrs old

Question 25

List 3 features of fibrous gomphoses joints

Answer 25

Between teeth and maxillae Minimal movement Periodental ligament connects

Question 26

What are fibrous syndesmoses joints held together by and list 2 examples.

Answer 26

Interosseous membrane Middle tibiofibular joint Middle radio-ulnar joint

Question 27

What is common during injuries involving syndesmoses joints?

Answer 27

Injure both bones present due to twisting motion

Question 28

What are cartilaginous synchondroses joints held together by and give an example?

Answer 28

Hyelin cartilage | Sterno-costal joints (ribs to sternum)

Question 29

What structure does cartilaginous synchondroses form within long bone?

Answer 29

Epiphyseal plate between diaphyses and epiphysis in growing bone Temporary with no movement

Question 30

List 3 features of a cartilaginous sympheses joint

Answer 30

Ends of bones have hyaline cartilage Cones joined by fibrocartilage disc and ligaments Limited movement

Question 31

List 4 locations where a cartilaginous syphyses joint may be found

Answer 31

Pubic symphysis Manubriosternal joint Vertebral bodies Sacro-coccygeal joint (spine)

Question 32

List 4 features of a typical synovial joint

Answer 32

Articular capsule: Fibrous capsule, synovial membrane Articular cartilage Synovial fluid

Question 33

What are the 10 movements that synovial joints can make?

Answer 33

``` Flexion and Extension Abduction (raise/move away from body) and Adduction (lower/move towards body/together) Internal rotation and External rotation Circumduction Gliding ```

Question 34

What are the7 types of synovial joint?

Answer 34

``` Hinge Condylar Ellipsoid (circumduction) Saddle (Concave and convex joint surfaces) Pivot (rotation) Ball and socket (all movement) Plane (glide) ```

Question 35

What do synovial hinge joints allow?

Answer 35

Flexion and extension | Uniaxial

Question 36

What do synovial condylar joints allow?

Answer 36

Flexion, extension, rotation Uniaxial Knee joint (cruciate ligaments and bursa too) Temporomadibular joint

Question 37

What do synovial ellipsoid joints allow?

Answer 37

Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction Bi-axial Wrist, metacapophylangeal joints (and toes)

Question 38

What do synovial saddle joints allow?

Answer 38

Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, some axial rotation Biaxial 1st Carpometacarpel joint, ankle

Question 39

What do synovial pivot joints allow?

Answer 39

Rotation Uni-axial Superior and inferior radio-ulnar

Question 40

What do synovial ball and socket joints allow?

Answer 40

All but gliding Multiaxial Hip, shoulder

Question 41

What do synovial plane joints allow?

Answer 41

Gliding only | Sarco-illiac joint

Question 42

What effects the stability of a joint?

Answer 42

The strength of ligaments Muscle tone The size and shape of bones