Musculo-skeletal System

Question 1

Protection (functions in SS)

Answer 1

Skeleton protects vital organs including the heart.

Ex.A hockey ball hits your head, the skull will protect the brain

Question 2

Blood cell production (functions of SS)

Answer 2

Produced in the bone marrow:

• platelets help with blood clotting.
• White blood cells fight infection.
• Red blood cells carry oxygen to respiring muscles.

Question 3

Mineral storage (functions of SS)

Answer 3

Bones store calcium and phosphorus.

These are vital for maintaining strong and healthy bones.

Question 4

Joints for movement (functions in SS)

Answer 4

Joints are where 2 or more bones meet.
Allow 2 types of movements:
“Fine”- picking and writing with a pen.
“Gross”- throwing a javelin

Question 5

Muscle attachment (functions of SS)

Answer 5

Muscles are attached to bones via tendons.

When muscles contract bones are pulled up causing movement.

Question 6

Long bones (types of bones)

Answer 6

Aid movement by working as levers.
Ex: The humerus and the femur.
Ex in sport: act as lever to kick a football at speed.

Question 7

Short bones (types of bones)

Answer 7

Weight bearing and provide support.
Ex: The aceparlas and tarsals.
Ex in sport: supports body weight in handstand.

Question 8

Flat bones (types of bones)

Answer 8

Provide protection and have large SA for muscles to attach to.
Ex: ribs and sternum
Ex in sport: cranium protects brain if hit by cricket ball.

Question 9

Irregular bones (types of bones)

Answer 9

Provide protection and allow muscle attachment.
Ex: the vertebrae
Ex in sport: muscles attach to vertebrae allowing to bend down for ball.

Question 10

Hand bones

Answer 10

From bottom to top:
Carpals
Metacarpals
Phalanges

Question 11

Feet bones

Answer 11

From bottom to top:
Tarsals
Metatarsals
Phalanges

Question 12

The vertebral column

Answer 12

From top to bottom:
Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
Sacrum 
Coccyx

Question 13

Hinge joint

Answer 13

Located: knee, elbow and ankle.
Movements: flexion, Extension, Dorsi-flexion, Plantar-flexion.

Question 14

Ball and socket joints

Answer 14

Located: hip and shoulder.
Movement:Flexion, Extension, Abduction, Adduction and Rotation.

Question 15

Pivot joint

Answer 15

Location: neck
Movement: rotation

Question 16

Condyloid joint

Answer 16

Located: wrist
Movement: Flexion, Extension, Abduction and Adduction.

Question 17

Flexion (movement at joint)

Answer 17

When angle at joint decreases.
Occurs: hinge, ball and socket, condyloid joints.
Ex in sport: bending knee back in preparation to kick football.

Question 18

Extension (movement at joint)

Answer 18

When angle at angle increases.
Occurs: hinge, ball and socket,
condyloid joints.
Ex in sport: at knee when following through after kicking football.

Question 19

Abduction (movement at joint)

Answer 19

Movement of limb away from middle of body.
Occurs: ball and socket, condyloid joints.
Ex in sport: reaching sideways to intercept basketball pass.

Question 20

Adduction (movement at joint)

Answer 20

Movement of limb towards middle of body.
Occurs: ball and socket, condyloid joints.
Ex in sport: moving arms and legs towards body during star jump.

Question 21

Rotation (movement at joint)

Answer 21

Bone at joint moves around it’s own axis, circular movement.
Occurs: ball and socket joints.
Ex in sport: at shoulder when swimming front crawl.

Question 22

Circumduction (movement at joint)

Answer 22

Movement shape of cone.
Allows 360 degree movement.
Occurs: ball and socket joints.
Ex in sport: at shoulder when swimming butterfly.

Question 23

Plantar-Flexion (movement at joint)

Answer 23

Movement of pointing toes.
Occurs: hinge joints (ankle)
Ex in sport: ballet dancer is in their toes.

Question 24

Dorsi-Flexion (movement at joint)

Answer 24

Movement of toes towards shin.
Occurs: hinge joints (ankle)
Ex in sport: hurdler lifts leg to clear the barrier.

Question 25

Ligaments

Answer 25

Attach bone to bone. Role: keep joint stable Prevents unwanted movement might cause injury (dislocation). Very common injury in team sports

Question 26

Cardiac muscle (types of muscle)

Answer 26

Forms the heart. Unconsciously controlled- don’t think to make it contract. Cardoiac muscle in heart controls to pump blood around body.

Question 27

Voluntary/ skeletal muscle (types of muscle)

Answer 27

Attach via tendons to skeleton allowing movement. Under conscious control- move them when we want to. Ex: biceps contact when performing bicep curl.

Question 28

Involuntary/smooth muscle (types of muscle)

Answer 28

Found in organs of digestive system, circulatory and urinary system. Contract slowly and rhythmically. Unconsciously controlled- contract automatically when required by body. Ex: involuntary muscles in blood vessels help regulate blood flow.

Question 29

Deltoid

Answer 29

Location: top of shoulder Role: abducts arm at shoulder Ex: lifting arms above head to block ball in volleyball.

Question 30

Latissimus dorsi

Answer 30

Location: side of back Role: Adducts upper arm at shoulder. Ex: butterfly in swimming.

Question 31

Pectoralis major

Answer 31

Location: front of upper chest Role: abducts arm at shoulder. Ex: follow through from forehand in tennis.

Question 32

External obliques

Answer 32

Location: between lower ribs and abdomen. Role: rotates trunk and helps pull chest down. Ex: rotating trunk when throwing javelin.

Question 33

Biceps

Answer 33

Location: front of upper arm. Role: Flexion of arm at elbow. Ex: upwards phase of biceps curl.

Question 34

Triceps

Answer 34

Location: back of upper arm. Role: Extension of arm at elbow. Ex: straightening arms during chest press.

Question 35

Quadriceps

Answer 35

Location: front of upper leg. Role: Extension of leg at knee. Ex: straightening leg after kicking ball.

Question 36

Hamstrings

Answer 36

Location: back of upper leg. Role: Flexion of leg at knee. Ex: bending trail leg going over hurdle.

Question 37

Gastrocnemius

Answer 37

Location: back of lower leg. Role: Plantar-Flexion at ankle. Ex: Pointing tip-toes in ballet.

Question 38

Tibialis interior

Answer 38

Location: front of lower leg. Role: dorsi-Flexion at ankle. Ex: bringing toes up when doing ski jump.

Question 39

Hip flexors

Answer 39

Location: very top of upper leg Role: Flexion of leg at hip. Ex: lifting knees high during sprinting.

Question 40

Gluteus Maximus

Answer 40

Location: Buttocks. Role: extension of leg at hip. Ex: lifting legs back when running.

Question 41

Antagonistic pairs explanation

Answer 41

Muscles that work together. | One muscles contracts (antagonist) the other muscle relaxes (antagonist).

Question 42

Antagonistic pairs examples

Answer 42

Biceps and triceps- work together to flex and extend arm at elbow. Quadriceps and hamstrings- work together when kicking ball. Gastrocnemius and tibialis anterior- work when plantar-Flexion and dorsi-Flexion at ankle. Hip flexors and gluteus Maximus- allow Flexion and extension and hip.

Question 43

What are the muscle fibre types?

Answer 43

Slow twitch- Type I Fast twitch- Type IIa Fast twitch- Type IIx

Question 44

Slow twitch- type I

Answer 44

``` Produce low force. Slow speed of contraction. High endurance. Activities to keep going without tiring. Ex: cross country race. Do not produce much power. ```

Question 45

Fast twitch- IIa

Answer 45

``` Produce high force. Moderate speed of contraction. Medium endurance. More resistance to fatigue than IIx. Ex: 400m race. Not as powerful as Type IIx, resistant as type I. ```

Question 46

Fast twitch- Type IIx

Answer 46

Produce very high force. Fast contracting. Low endurance. Good for short, explosive actions requiring power, strength and speed. Ex: 100m race. Produces power for very short period of time.