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Patho Exam 2 > Musculoskeletal > Flashcards

Musculoskeletal Flashcards

(54 cards)

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1
Q

how many bones are there in the human body

A

206

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2
Q

what are the functions of bones

A
  1. structural support
  2. storage of minerals
  3. production of blood cells
  4. protection of body organs
  5. provision of leverage and movement
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3
Q

what are the types of bone cells

A
  1. osteoblast
  2. osteoclast
  3. osteoprogenitor cells
  4. osteocyte
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4
Q

what is the job of modeling within the bones?

A

osteoblast cells build/grow the skeleton through osteoblastic activity
= modeling

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5
Q

what is the job of remodeling within the bones?

A

once the bone reaches maturity, osteoclasts breakdown and renew it

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6
Q

osteoblast and osteoclast activity functioning together is known as what?

A

basic multicellular unit (BMU)

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7
Q

how many BMU are active at one time in adults?

A

about 1 million BMU

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8
Q

when is peak bone mass achieved?

A

early adulthood (30-35)

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9
Q

around age 30, what happens to the bone activity?

A

the amount of bone resorbed by osteoclasts exceeds the bone formed by osteoblasts
= there will be a steady decrease in bone mass as we age

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10
Q

what influences bone mass?

A
  1. nutrition
  2. physical activity age
  3. age
  4. hormonal status
  5. vitamin D
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11
Q

what does locomotion require of our skeleton?

A

locomotion requires our skeleton to have moveable joints and muscles acting on the bones

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12
Q

what are the 3 types of muscles

A
  1. skeletal muscles
  2. smooth muscles
  3. cardiac muscles
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13
Q

describe skeletal muscles

A

muscles that connect to the bone

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14
Q

describe smooth muscles

A

lines the walls of hallow organs and tubes

- involuntary

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15
Q

describe cardiac muscles

A

make up the heart

- involuntary

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16
Q

what attaches muscle to bone?

A

tendons

- tough cords or bands of dense connective tissue

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17
Q

what is the function of tendons

A

attaches muscles to bones and transmit load from muscles to bones = joint motion

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18
Q

what is the function of ligaments

A

attach bone to bone, helps in the mechanical stability of the joint

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19
Q

describe how tendon injuries occur

A

tendons can be subjected to injuries particularly overuse
= tendinopathy, a result of inflammation, degeneration and weakening of the tendons

= TENDON RUPTURE

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20
Q

describe how ligament injuries occur

A

ligaments can rupture too, most common is the knee

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21
Q

what is the healing process like for a ligament

A

similar to scar formation, the healed ligament is weaker in providing joint stability and prone to re-injury

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22
Q

what is a traumatic musculoskeletal injury

Study These Flashcards
A

fracture - a break in the continuity of the bone

23
Q

what are the most common causes to a fracture

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A
  1. primary:
    - falls
    - MVA
    - sports-related injury
  2. secondary from conditions that weaken the bone
    - osteoporosis
    - Paget’s disease
    - bone cancer
24
Q

what are the different categories used to classify fractures

Study These Flashcards
A
  1. complete vs incomplete
  2. open vs closed
  3. impacted
  4. pathologic
  5. stress
  6. depressed
25
describe a complete vs incomplete fracture
- complete: bone is broken into 2 or more separate pieces | - incomplete: bone is partially broken
26
describe an open vs closed fracture
- open or compound fracture = the skin is broken | - closed fracture = the skin is intact
27
describe an impacted fracture
one end of the bone is forced into the adjacent bone
28
describe a pathologic fracture
this is the result from weakness in bone structure secondary to bone tumors or osteoporosis
29
describe a stress fracrture
occurs from repeated excessive stress | - common in tibia, femur, and metatarsals
30
describe a depressed fracture
occurs in the skull when a broken piece is forced inward to the brain
31
describe the pathway of the body fixing a fracture
1. break in the bone 2. blood from damaged vessels pour into the fracture and produce a hematoma and blood clot 3. within a few days, fibroblasts invade the clot 4. fibroblasts secrete collagen fibers and form mass of cells and fibers called callus 5. callus bridges the broken bone ends together (takes 2-6wks) 6. osteoblasts from the periosteum invade the callus and slowly convert the callus to bones (4-6wks) 7. callus begins as a large mass 8. osteoclasts gradually remodel the bone by removing the excess bone until it leaves little to no evidence that a fracture occurred (can take up to a year)
32
describe fibroblasts
connective tissue from periosteum
33
clinical manifestations while the body is fixing a fracture
1. deformity (shortening appearance/rotation) 2. swelling at the site 3. inability to move the affected limb 4. crepitus (grating sound or sensation during movement) 5. pain 6. paresthesia
34
factors that affect bone healing
1. age 2. nutritional status 3. blood supply 4. fracture type
35
complications of bone healing
1. compartment syndrome 2. fat embolism 3. osteomyelitis 4. osteonecrosis
36
describe compartment syndrome
- this is a serious condition due to increased pressure within a “compartment” usually the muscle fascia as a result of fracture - the pressure impinges the nerves and blood vessels within that part of the body compromising distal part of the affected area
37
clinical manifestations of compartment syndrome
- extreme pain beyond what is expected!!! - 5 P's 1. pain 2. paresthesia 3. paralysis 4. pulselessness 5. pallor
38
treatment of compartment syndrome
- remove the cast | - perform a fasciotomy to release the pressure
39
describe a fat embolism
- happens when fat has an opportunity to enter the bloodstream. - in long bones, fatty marrow can the the culprit - the fat emboli can travel to vital organs like lungs, brain, heart = can be fatal!!
40
prevention of a fat embolism
early immobilization of the fracture
41
describe osteomyelitis
infection of the bone tissue - can take months to cure treatment: - antibiotics
42
describe osteonecrosis (aka avascular necrosis)
death of bone tissue due to loss of blood supply treatment: - surgical removal and replacement of the necrotic bone or joint
43
general treatment of traumatic musculoskeletal injury
1. realignment (reduction) should be done ASAP b/c tissue swelling tends to increase 6-12hrs after injury - can be done with open or close reduction or with traction 2. pain management
44
describe close realignment/reduction
done through manual manipulation which allows realignment of the broken bone without visualization
45
describe open realignment/reduction
involves surgery within 24-48 hrs in medically-stable patient
46
describe traction
used to realign broken bone - after fracture is in its normal anatomical position, alignment is maintained by immobilizing the extremity with a cast or splint
47
what pain management is used for treating traumatic musculoskeletal injuries
- narcotics | - NSAIDS
48
what is a musculoskeletal disorder
fibromyalgia
49
describe fibromyalgia
syndrome characterized by a widespread muscular pain and fatigue - affects the joints, muscles, tendons, and surrounding tissues - linked to sleeping problems, fatigue, headaches, depression, and anxiety
50
what are the 18-fibromyalgia pressure point
pressure points where pain or tenderness can be stimulated in the - neck - shoulder - trunk - limbs
51
what is the cause of fibromyalgia
the exact cause is unknown, can be related to altered central neurotranmission that results in a sensitivity to substance P - it is postulated that the brains pain receptors develop pain memory and become very sensitive to pain signals
52
how do we diagnose fibromyalgia
based on the presence of widespread pain at least 3 months duration and tenderness on at least 11/18 pressure points
53
treatment of fibromyalgia
- focus on minimizing s/s and improving health overall 1. stress reduction 2. adequate rest 3. proper nutrition 4. heat application 5. massage therapy; acupuncture 6. physical therapy 7. analgesics - NSAIDs (non- steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) like Ibuprofen, naproxen 8. antidepressants 9. muscle relaxants 10. antiseizure (specifically pregabalin)
54
what are 2 common myths about fibromyalgia
1. fibromyalgia is an autoimmune disease - There is no evidence that it follows the pattern of autoimmunity 2. fibromyalgia is a psychological problem - it is physical disorder with real, measurable biological abnormality - While depression can cause physical pain and fatigue, NOT all pain and fatigue are caused by depression - but if fibromyalgia is not addressed early, it can cause depression!

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