Musculoskeletal

Question 1

MAIN FUNCTION OF Musculoskeletal System

Answer 1

Support
Protection of vital organs
Movement
Blood cell production
Mineral storage

Question 2

Musculoskeletal System CONSISTS OF:

Answer 2

1. Bones
2. Ligament and Tendons (Both have poor blood supply which delays healing)
3. Fascia
4. Bursae (Reduce friction on bone to bonne connections)

Question 3

Bones?

Answer 3

Provide supporting framework to body and protect underlying organs and tissues (Skull/brain)
Participate in red and white blood cell production
Serve as a site for storage of inorganic minerals (Ca++,
PO4- phosphate) and contain organic
material (collagen)
Dynamic tissue (osteoblasts, osteoclasts)

Question 4

Ligaments?

Answer 4

Connect bones to bones
More elastic than tendons

Question 5

Tendons?

Answer 5

Attach muscles to bones

Question 6

Fascia?

Answer 6

Layers of connective tissue with intermeshed fibers

Question 7

Bursae?

Answer 7

Small sacs of connective tissue lined with connective tissue containing viscous synovial fluid (Reduce friction between bones)

Question 8

Check slide 4 and make flashcards.

Question 9

Age-Related Changes in the Musculoskeletal System?

Answer 9

1. Loss of bone density due to increased resorption (The rest of the tissues in the body steal Ca+ from the bones so it becomes weak) and decreased formation leading to osteopenia (loss of mineral density) and osteoporosis, kyphosis (an exaggerated, forward rounding of the upper back.)
2. Loss of water from vertebral discs leads to loss of height
3. Falls increase the likelihood of fractures d/t to loss of bone mass
4. Increase risk for cartilage erosion-direct contact between bone ends-osteoarthritis
5. Decreased muscle mass and strength-almost 30% lost by age 70-leads to decreased ability to release glycogen (energy for muscles) during stress and decreased BMR (basic metabolic rate)

Question 10

Kyphosis?

Answer 10

Is an exaggerated, forward rounding of the upper back. In older people, kyphosis is often due to weakness in the spinal bones that causes them to compress or crack. Other types of kyphosis can appear in infants or teens due to malformation of the spine or wedging of the spinal bones over time.

Question 11

ASSESSMENT: OBJECTIVE DATA?

Answer 11

1. INSPECTION:
   Always start with your initial contact with the patient
   Look for symmetry, general body built
2. PALPATION:
   If injury is the presenting problem, proceed with caution
   Palpation of soft tissue and joints allows for assessment of skin temperature, swelling, tenderness and crepitation (ratteling)
3. MOVEMENT:
   Observe/ Evaluate ROM

Question 12

Grading Muscle Strength

Answer 12

5/5-Normal strength (moves against full resistance)
4/5-Moderate strength (moves against some resistance)
3/5-Eg. Person can raise hand off table without any resistance applied
2/5-Eg. Person able to slide hand across table but not lift it
1/5-Flicker
0/5-Paralysis

Question 13

INJURIES TO THE MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM: Strains and Sprains

Answer 13

SPRAINS AND STRAINS:
Usually associated with abnormal stretching or twisting

Question 14

INJURIES TO THE MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM: Strains and Sprains

Answer 14

Sprains classified according to the amount of ligament fibers torn:

1- First degree: tears of only few fibers
2- Second degree: partial (ONLY HALF OF THE LIGAMENT IS DAMAGED )disruption of the involved tissue with more swelling and tenderness
3- Third degree: complete tearing of the ligament

Question 15

INJURIES TO THE MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM: Strain

Answer 15

STRAIN: stretching of a muscle and its fascial sheath (THINK of when I used to play soccer)

Clinical Manifestation include:
Pain, edema, decreased function and bruising

Question 16

Nursing Management: Strains and Sprains

Answer 16

1- Health promotion/prevention: DAAAAA
2- RICE
a) Rest
b) Ice
c) Compression
d) Elevation above heart level (the heart would have to work against gravity. more gravity = less BP in the area and therefore less inflammation)
3) Analgesia
a) NSAIDS=decrease prostaglandins that contribute to inflammation and pain; increase risk for GI bleeding in older adults or if in excessive quantity
b) Opioids if severe

Question 17

INJURIES TO THE MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM: Subluxation (Partial dislocation) and Dislocation (Bone completely leaves the socket: common sites shoulder and hip)

Answer 17

Dislocation: (not broken)

1- Needs to be attended promptly
2- The longer the timeframe before Reduction, the greater the possibility of developing Avascular Necrosis
3- Avascular Necrosis – bone cell death as a result of inadequate blood supply
4- The hip and shoulder are particularly at risk for this

NURSING CARE:
1- Pain management
2- Support/protect the injured part

Question 18

INJURIES TO THE MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM: Fractures

Answer 18

1- Disruption or break in continuity of structure of bone
2- The majority of fractures from traumatic injuries
3- Some fractures secondary to disease process
Cancer or osteoporosis
4- Can be open or closed
5- Complete or incomplete
6- Displaced or nondisplaced

Question 19

Classification of fractures according to Location

Answer 19

1. Transverse (Shaft cut in a straight line meaning in perpendicular)
2. Spiral ( They happen when one of your bones is broken with a twisting motion.)
3. Greenstick (bends and cracks, instead of breaking completely into separate pieces.)
4. Oblique (Diagonal fracture)
5. Pathologic (A broken bone caused by disease, often by the spread of cancer to the bone)
6. stress ( tiny cracks in a bone. They’re caused by repetitive force)

Question 20

Clinical Manifestations: Fractures

Answer 20

1. Edema and swelling due to inflammation
2. Localized pain and tenderness
3. Decreased function
4. Muscle spasms (cramp)
5. Inability to bear weight or use
6. Guarding against movement (can’t walk)
7. May or may not have deformity
8. Ecchymosis (bruising) and crepitation
   **Immobilize affected limb if you suspect fracture!!!!

Question 21

Clinical Manifestations: Fractures

Answer 21

I- (In roman numbers)————-Edema and Swelling:

1- Caused by disruption of soft tissue or bleeding into the surrounding tissue.
2- If it occurs in a closed space, it can stop circulation and damage nerves - May lead to COMPARTMENT SYNDROME
3- Compartment Syndrome:
a) An elevation of pressure within a closed fascial compartment
b) Can be caused by hemorrhage and or edema within a closed space or by external compression or arterial occlusion

       c) Notify the Provider, external compression should be avoided.  May require fasciotomy if symptoms not resolved within 30 min

II. Pain and tenderness
III. Deformity
IV. Ecchymosis
V. Crepitation

Question 22

Nursing Assessment of Fractures:

Answer 22

I- Objective Data
1- Apprehension
2- Guarding (if they can move or not)
3- Point tenderness
4- Skin lacerations, color changes
5- Hematoma, edema
6- Restricted or lost function
7- Deformities; abnormal angulation
8- Shortening, rotation, or crepitation
9- Imaging findings (xray)

II- Neurovascular Assessment (assessment of neurovascular compromise, impaired blood flow to the extremities, and damage to the peripheral nerves.)
III- Peripheral vascular
1- Color and temperature-⬇temp?
2- Capillary refill-?prolonged
3- Pulses- ↓ or absent pulse
4- Edema, hematoma

IV- Peripheral neurologic
1- Sensation and motor function-Paresthesias, absent, ↓ or ↑ sensation, muscle weakness

Question 23

Factors influencing healing

Answer 23

1- Displacement (too much space between the 2 broken parts or a small separation)and site of fracture (fx)
2- Type of fx: Open (meaning comes out of the skin) and comminuted broken at least in 2 spots) fractures take the longest
3- Blood supply to area
4- Immobilization (the sooner and longer the better)
5- Internal fixation devices
6- Infection or poor nutrition
7- Age
8- Smoking (nicotine affects wound healing)

Question 24

Nursing Care: Fractures

Answer 24

Define and Give examples:
1- Reduction
2- Immobilization
3- Restoration of function

Question 25

Fracture Reduction

Answer 25

1- Closed reduction a) Correction or Setting of a fractured bone without surgery (no incision involved) b) Ex: hip or shoulder 2- Open reduction and internal fixation aka (ORIF) a) Surgical incision - Internal fixation-plates, pins and screws, intramedullary nail - Risk for infection - Early ROM of joint to prevent adhesions (of tendons) -Facilitates early ambulation

Question 26

Fracture Reduction

Answer 26

External Fixation 1-Metal pins and rods 2-Applies traction (brings the 2 parts of broken bone closer) 3-Compresses fracture fragments 4-Immobilizes and holds fracture fragments in place with pins 5-Pin site care done every shift and pin sites usually wrapped with gauge

Question 27

FRACTURE IMMOBILIZATION: Cast Care

Answer 27

1- Common after Closed Reduction 2- Frequent neurovascular assessments (to check for blood flow to that part and nerve function ) 3- Apply ice for first 24 hours 4- Elevate above heart for first 48 hours 5- Exercise joints above and below the broken segment. 6- Use hair dryer on cool setting for itching Patient education / CAST CARE: 1- Do not get wet but if do, dry thoroughly after getting wet. 2- Report increasing pain despite elevation, ice, and analgesia. 3- Report swelling associated with pain and discoloration OR movement. 4- Report burning, tingling, sores, or foul odors under cast. 5- Don’t insert anything into cast or remove anything 6- Use hair dryer on cool if itchy

Question 28

Hip Fractures:

Answer 28

1- Common in older adults 2- Can see shortening and external rotation of affected extremity 3- Can be treated with ORIF- with nail or plate, pins, screws 4- Total hip replacement=replacement of both the ball and socket (head of the femur and acetabulum) 5- Hemiarthroplasty-replacement of ball (head of femur) only. Hemia= half therefore Hemiarthroplasty= partial hip replacement

Question 29

Postoperative Care: Hip Surgery

Answer 29

A) Hip Surgery: 1- Maintain hip abduction (separate legs) with pillows 2- Teach patient not to cross legs, internally rotate legs, or bend over at the waist (tying shoes). Teach to keep knees spread apart. 3- Monitor for sudden severe pain, loss of function, a lump in the buttocks, leg shortening, and external rotation=prosthetic dislocation (meaning the complete loss of contact between the 2 artificial joint parts) B) Do not turn patient on affected side C) Can have a significant blood loss (because remember blood is made in the bones)→ monitor CBC

Question 29

Postoperative Care for Fractures

Answer 29

1- Monitor vitals 2- General principles of postoperative nursing care 3- Minimize pain and discomfort. 4- Monitor for bleeding or drainage a) Aseptic technique b) Blood salvage and reinfusion (the collection of the pt's blood during surgery and to put it back in the pt at the end) 5- Frequent neurovascular assessments a) Monitor Circulation, Sensation, Movement b) Monitor compartment syndrome

Question 30

COMPARTMENT SYNDROME: THE 6 P’S

Answer 30

1- PAIN 2- PALLOR 3- PULSELESSNESS 4- PARESTHESIA 5- PARALYSIS 6- POIKILOTHERMIA (inability to maintain a constant core temp usually higher than the rest of the environment)

Question 31

Complications of Fractures:  I . Compartment Syndrome

Answer 31

1- Results from increased pressure within muscle compartments (fascia) 2- Occurs in 9.1% of fractures 3- Multiple other causes 4- Forearm, lower leg primary areas=36% of cases result from tib(tibia)-fib(fibula) fxs fractures Watch slide 30 and youtube video.

Question 32

Compartment Syndrome

Answer 32

1) Early recognition via regular neurovascular assessments! -Notify if pain unrelieved by drugs and out of proportion to injury -Pain is first symptom and includes pain with passive stretching of muscles in the affected compartment (stretching foot if lower leg) 2) Later signs=deterioration in Circulation, Sensation, movement, swelling 3) Permanent neurovascular (disorders in which an area of the brain is temporarily or permanently affected by bleeding or restricted blood flow.)damage can result as early as 4 hours after onset 4) Delay more than 6 hours in dx and fasciotomy leads to permanent weakness

Question 33

Compartment Syndrome: Treatment

Answer 33

1- Bivalve or remove cast ASAP 2- Fasciotomy (surgical decompression) 3- No ICE 4- No Elevation 5- Monitor for dark tea colored urine-muscle. Because muscle breakdown=myoglobinuria-proteins precipitate in renal tubules and cause acute kidney injury 6- Monitor creatinine for renal compromise

Question 34

Complications of Fractures II III IV V VI VII VIII

Answer 34

2. Infection if open or surgical repair 3. Delayed healing, nonunion of bones, deformity 4. Venous thromboembolus (especially surgery on pelvis and lower extremity , gravity) 5. Hemorrhage 7. Fat embolism: presence of fat globules in pulmonary circulation 8. Renal Calculi- Immobility alters urinary elimination. With upright position, urine flows d/t gravity. If flat in bed, kidneys and ureters are level, cause urinary stasis,(stopping of urination) increase risk of UTI and renal calculi – calcium stones lodge into renal pelvis or ureters. Immobilized pt usually have hypercalcemia (xk remember calcului are made of CALCIUM )causing them to be at risk for renal calculi

Question 35

Complications: 7. Fat Embolism IN DETAIL

Answer 35

Fat embolism syndrome (FES) 1) Presence of systemic fat globules from fracture that are distributed into tissues and organs after a traumatic skeletal injury 2) Caused by fat obstructing the blood vessels in the lungs 3) Contributory factor in many deaths associated with fracture 4) Most common with fracture of long bones (beacuse thier medulla is long therefore it has more fat), ribs, tibia, and pelvic bones 5) Mechanical theory -Fat released from marrow and enters circulation where it can obstruct 6) Biochemical theory -Hormonal changes caused by trauma stimulate the release of fatty acids to form fat emboli.

Question 36

Fat Emboli Syndrome: Clinical Manifestations

Answer 36

1- Early recognition crucial 2- Symptoms 12-24 hrs after injury 3- Fat globules travel to lungs cause a hemorrhagic interstitial pneumonitis. 4- Petechiae small red patches on skin) – neck, chest wall, axilla, buccal membrane, conjunctiva 5- Clinical course of fat embolus may be rapid and acute 6- Pt frequently expresses a feeling of impending death and restlessness 7- Agitation, Restlessness, Delirium, Convulsions – change in LOC, wheezing, blood tinged sputum, copious production of white sputum, fever especially 12-24 hrs after injury when fat emboli most likely to occur 8- In a short time skin color changes from pallor(palidez) to cyanosis (bluish skin) 9- Patient may become comatose

Question 37

FES: Collaborative Care

Answer 37

A) 1- Treatment is aimed at prevention Careful immobilization of a long bone fracture is probably the most important factor in prevention IMMEDIATELY DONE 2- Cough and deep breathing B) Management is symptom-related and supportive 1- Oxygen for respiratory distress (intubation (tube through trachea) may be required for severe respiratory distress) 2- Corticosteroids (controversial) and Heparin (both Blood thinners)

Question 38

FES: Collaborative Care

Answer 38

- Assistive devices for ambulation that can help reduce or eliminate weight bearing on affected limbs CANE: relieve 40% of weight bearing Use to support affected area WALKER and CRUTCHES: Allow complete non-weight bearing ambulation

Question 39

Joint Replacement Surgery

Answer 39

1- Most common are (THR total hip replacement ) also known as THA, total hip arthoplasty 2- TKA total knee arthoplasty-can replace part or all of knee joint 3- Major complications are infection and VTE (venous thromboembolism)=antibiotics and anticoagulants given postop. These and other surgeries raise your risk for DVT because you often stay in bed for long periods of time while you recover. When you stop moving, blood flows more slowly in your deep veins, which can lead to a clot.

Question 40

Osteomyelitis

Answer 40

1) Severe infection of the bone, bone marrow, and surrounding soft tissue 2) Most common microorganism is Staphylococcus aureus but can be caused by a variety of organisms (MRSA, Pseudomonas, and Enterobacteriaceae 3) Indirect entry (hematogenous) results from a secondary infection such as gums teeth urinary tract a) Young boys (Because they don't have a strong immune system) b) Blunt trauma c) Vascular insufficiency disorders (coz blood doesn't bring enough immune cells to the site) d) IVDU meaning injection of drugs intravenously e)GI & respiratory infections 4) Direct entry a) Via open wound/open fractures, orthopedic surgeries b)Foreign object-joint prosthesis

Question 41

Clinical Manifestations Osteomyelitis

Answer 41

1- Acute: Infection which lasts less than a month 2- Local manifestations a) Pain unrelieved by rest; worsens with activity b) Swelling, tenderness, warmth c) Restricted movement 3- Systemic manifestations a) Fever b) Night sweats c) Chills d) Restlessness e) Nausea f) Malaise g) Drainage (late) 4- Chronic: 5- Infection lasting longer >1 month or has failed to respond to initial course of antibiotic therapy 6- Continuous and persistent or process of exacerbations and remissions

Question 42

Chronic Osteomyelitis of Femur

Answer 42

1- Systemic signs diminished 2- Local signs of infection more common a) Pain, swelling, warmth 3- Granulation tissue turns to scar tissue → avascular → ideal site for microorganisms to grow → away from antibiotic penetration by blood

Question 43

Collaborative Care for Osteomyelitis (nurses and doctors and other medical staff)

Answer 43

1- Surgical removal infected bone 2- Extended use of antibiotics-4-6 week minimum 3- Antibiotic-impregnated polymethyl methacrylate bead chains=antibiotic spacers inserted into infected bone 4- Intermittent or constant antibiotic irrigation of bone 5- Casts or braces 6- Negative-pressure wound therapy=wound vac 7- Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (Application of large amounts of O2 to help tissue grow fast) 8- Removal of prosthetic devices (hardware) 8- Muscle flaps, skin grafting, bone grafts 9- Amputation

Question 44

AMPUTATION

Answer 44

A) Pre Op Teaching/ Education: 1- Phantom pain 2- Pain management 3- Need for grieve/psychological support 4- Need for rehab and prosthesis B) PostOp management/Education: 1- Maintain an aseptic technique during wound care 2- Use of rigid or compression dressings to minimize edema 3- Monitor for signs and symptoms of infection 4- Prevention of flexion contractures (a bent (flexed) joint that cannot be straightened actively or passively)

Question 45

OSTEOPOROSIS

Answer 45

Who are at Risk: 1- one in 2 Americans over 50 years old will be at risk for fractures r/t osteoporosis 2- 44 million Americans (55% over age 50) will either have or is at risk of Osteoporosis 3- 80% of those with osteoporosis are female (National Osteoporosis Foundation 2010) Prevention: 1- Encourage those at risk to be screened 2- Assess diet for calcium and vit D intake 3- Those with lactose intolerance should seek alternative source of calcium 4- Weight bearing exercise (walking, dancing, low-impact aerobics, elliptical training machines, stair climbing and gardening. ) 5- Maintain optimal urinary function 6- Minimize alcohol intake and quite smoking 7- Home safety assessment for fall risk Treatment: 1- Calcium supplement w/Vit D (take on empty stomach or with orange juice) 2- Bisphosphates, Alendronate, RANKL inhibitor (monoclonal antibody)

Question 46

Check case study on slide 46

Question 47

grade 0/5 Paralysis

Answer 47

no muscle contraction seen or identified with palpation.

Question 48

grade 1 Flicker (make small, quick movements)

Answer 48

Muscle contraction is seen or identified with palpation but it is insufficient to produce joint motion even with elimination of gravity.

Question 49

Grade 2 Person table to cross hands across table but not lift it./

Answer 49

The muscle can move the joint through a full range of motion only if the part is properly positioned so that the force of gravity is eliminated.

Question 50

Grade 3 Person can raise hand off the table without any resistance applied

Answer 50

The muscle can move the joint it crosses through a full range of motion against gravity but without any resistance

Question 51

grade 4 Moderate strength (Moves against some resistance)

Answer 51

The muscle can move the joint it crosses through a full range of motion against gravity but with some resistance

Question 52

5/5 Normal strength (moves against full resistance)

Answer 52

The muscle can move the joint it crosses through a full range of motion against gravity and against full resistance applied by the examiner.

Question 53

5/5 Normal (moves against full resistance )

Question 54

Print Lippincott Neurovascular Assessment Pocket Card

Question 55

Slide 4 flashcards

Question 56

Can compression or arterial occlusion cause compartment syndrome?

Answer 56

Hell ya

Question 57

When do Fat Emboli Syndrome symptoms appear?

Answer 57

Symptoms 12-24 hrs after injury

Question 58

Osteomyelitis definition

Answer 58

Severe infection of the bone, bone marrow, and surrounding soft tissue

Question 59

Most common microorganism that cause Osteomyelitis?

Answer 59

Staphylococcus aureus but can be caused by a variety of organisms (MRSA, Pseudomonas, and Enterobacteriaceae

Question 60

Treatment of osteoporosis ?

Answer 60

1- Calcium supplement w/Vit D (take on empty stomach or with orange juice) 2- Bisphosphates, Alendronate, RANKL inhibitor (monoclonal antibody)

Question 61

Surgical removal infected bone

Answer 61

Collaborative Care for Osteomyelitis

Question 62

Extended use of antibiotics-4-6 week minimum

Answer 62

Collaborative Care for Osteomyelitis

Question 63

Antibiotic-impregnated polymethyl methacrylate bead chains=antibiotic spacers inserted into infected bone

Answer 63

Collaborative Care for Osteomyelitis

Question 64

Intermittent or constant antibiotic irrigation of bone

Answer 64

Collaborative Care for Osteomyelitis

Question 65

Casts or braces

Answer 65

Collaborative Care for Osteomyelitis

Question 66

Negative-pressure wound therapy=wound vac

Answer 66

Collaborative Care for Osteomyelitis

Question 67

Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (Application of large amounts of O2 to help tissue heal fast)

Answer 67

Collaborative Care for Osteomyelitis

Question 68

Removal of prosthetic devices (hardware)

Answer 68

Collaborative Care for Osteomyelitis

Question 69

Muscle flaps, skin grafting, bone grafts

Answer 69

Collaborative Care for Osteomyelitis

Question 70

Amputation

Answer 70

Collaborative Care for Osteomyelitis

Question 71

Edema and swelling due to inflammation

Answer 71

Clinical Manifestations: Fractures

Question 72

Localized pain and tenderness

Answer 72

Clinical Manifestations: Fractures

Question 73

Decreased function

Answer 73

Clinical Manifestations: Fractures

Question 74

Muscle spasms (cramp)

Answer 74

Clinical Manifestations: Fractures

Question 75

Inability to bear weight or use

Answer 75

Clinical Manifestations: Fractures

Question 76

Guarding against movement (can’t walk)

Answer 76

Clinical Manifestations: Fractures

Question 77

May or may not have deformity

Answer 77

Clinical Manifestations: Fractures

Question 78

Ecchymosis (bruising) and crepitation (a crackling or rattling sound.) **Immobilize affected limb if you suspect fracture!!!!

Answer 78

Clinical Manifestations: Fractures

Question 79

The longer the timeframe before Reduction, the greater the possibility of developing Avascular Necrosis

Answer 79

Dislocation: (not broken)

Question 80

Avascular Necrosis – bone cell death as a result of inadequate blood supply

Answer 80

Dislocation: (not broken)

Question 81

The hip and shoulder are particularly at risk for this

Answer 81

Dislocation: (not broken)

Question 82

Comminuted

Answer 82

Bone broken at least in 2 spots

Question 83

SPRAIN la peninsula

Answer 83

injury to the LIGAMENTS surrounding a joint

Question 84

Caused by disruption of soft tissue or bleeding into the surrounding tissue.

Answer 84

Edema and Swelling in fractures

Question 85

If it occurs in a closed space, it can stop circulation and damage nerves - May lead to COMPARTMENT SYNDROME

Answer 85

Edema in fractures

Question 86

An elevation of pressure within a closed fascial compartment

Answer 86

Compartment Syndrome

Question 87

Can be caused by hemorrhage and or edema within a closed space or by external compression or arterial occlusion

Answer 87

Compartment Syndrome

Question 88

Notify the Provider, external compression should be avoided. May require fasciotomy if symptoms not resolved within 30 min

Answer 88

Compartment Syndrome

Question 89

Cartilage arosion causing direct contact between bone ends?

Answer 89

osteoarthritis

Question 90

The majority of fractures are from traumatic injuries

Answer 90

yes

Question 91

Fractures can be Displaced or nondisplaced

Answer 91

oui

Question 92

Common after Closed Reduction

Answer 92

cast

Question 93

Exercise joints above and below the broken segment.

Answer 93

Broken bone with a cast

Question 94

Frequent neurovascular assessments (to check for blood flow to that part and nerve function )

Answer 94

When you have a cast

Question 95

Apply ice for first 24 hours and Elevate above heart for first 48 hours

Answer 95

Cast

Question 96

Loss of bone density due to increased resorption (The rest of the tissues in the body steal Ca+ from the bones so it becomes weak)

Answer 96

Age-Related Changes in the Musculoskeletal System

Question 97

Decreased formation leading to osteopenia (loss of mineral density) and osteoporosis, kyphosis (an exaggerated, forward rounding of the upper back.)

Answer 97

Age-Related Changes in the Musculoskeletal System

Question 98

Increase risk for cartilage erosion-direct contact between bone ends-osteoarthritis

Answer 98

Age-Related Changes in the Musculoskeletal System

Question 99

Transverse

Answer 99

(Shaft cut in a straight line meaning in perpendicular)

Question 100

Spiral

Answer 100

( They happen when one of your bones is broken with a twisting motion.)

Question 101

Greenstick

Answer 101

(The bone bends and cracks a little bit, instead of breaking completely into 2 separate pieces.)

Question 102

Oblique

Answer 102

(Diagonal fracture)

Question 103

Pathologic

Answer 103

(A broken bone caused by disease, often by the spread of cancer to the bone)

Question 104

Stress fracture

Answer 104

( tiny cracks in a bone. They’re caused by repetitive force)

Question 105

(assessment of neurovascular compromise, impaired blood flow to the extremities, and damage to the peripheral nerves.)

Answer 105

Neurovascular Assessment

Question 106

Color and temperature-⬇temp?

Answer 106

Found during Peripheral vascular assessment for fractures

Question 107

Capillary refill-?prolonged

Answer 107

Found during Peripheral vascular assessment for fractures

Question 108

Pulses- ↓ or absent pulse

Answer 108

Found during Peripheral vascular assessment for fractures

Question 109

Edema, hematoma

Answer 109

Found during Peripheral vascular assessment for fractures

Question 110

Sensation and motor function-Paresthesias, absent, ↓ or ↑ sensation, muscle weakness

Answer 110

Found during Peripheral neurologic assessment for fractures