Musculoskeletal Anatomy

Question 1

The study of joints (articulations) is termed…

Answer 1

arthrology.

Question 2

A joint (articulation) is formed when…

Answer 2

bones interact/come into contact.

Question 3

joints do what?

Answer 3

1. provide for different degrees of movement between the articulated bones.
2. hold the bones in their proper location and orientation.

Question 4

osseous tissue is also known as…

Answer 4

Bones

Question 5

what are the 2 skeletons called

Answer 5

Axial and appendicular

Question 6

what are the bones in your axial skeleton?

Answer 6

the bones in your head, neck, back and chest.

Question 7

what are the bones in your appendicular Skeleton?

Answer 7

everything else — the bones that attach (append) to your axial skeleton. Your appendicular skeleton includes the bones in your shoulders, pelvis and limbs, including your arms, hands, legs and feet.

Question 8

Functional characteristics of the skeleton: 6 things

Answer 8

1. Support soft tissue
2. Protection
3. Movement: lever systems
4. Blood cell production: Hematopoiesis
5. Mineral storage/release (calcium and phosphorus)
6. Energy storage: yellow marrow

Question 9

what’s the ROM at a joint defined as

Answer 9

The angle through which a joint moves from anatomical position to the extreme limit of segment motion in a particular direction.

Question 10

Gross bone morphology: classification, 4 types

Answer 10

long, short, flat, irregular

Question 11

an example of a long bone

Answer 11

humerus (arm)
femur (thigh)

Question 12

an example of a short bone

Answer 12

carpals- wrist
tarsals- feet

Question 13

an example of a flat bone

Answer 13

skull, ribs

Question 14

an example of a irregular bone

Answer 14

vertebrae

Question 15

what’s a sesamoid bone?

Answer 15

a small bone commonly found embedded within a muscle or tendon near joint surfaces,

Question 16

example of a sesamoid bone

Answer 16

patella

Question 17

function of sesamoid bone 4 things

Answer 17

Increase mechanical efficiency
Reduce friction and protect tendons
Support joint stability
Assist in load bearing

Question 18

what are wormian bones/ extra sutural bones ?

Answer 18

Tiny bones within the skull that lie between major skull bones.

Question 19

function of wormian bones

Answer 19

Cranial stability
Growth and development of the skull
Absorbing mechanical stress

Question 20

example of wormian bones

Answer 20

lambdoid and lambdoid (posterior) fontanelle,

Question 21

the diaphysis of the bone is the..

Answer 21

shaft, main/midsection of a long bone

Question 22

structure of the diaphysis/shaft

Answer 22

1. Consists of a central medullary cavity (filled with yellow marrow)
2. Surrounded by a thick collar of compact bone

Question 23

the Epiphyses (pl) is..

Answer 23

expanded end of the long bones

Question 24

structure of the Epiphyses (pl) = expanded ends

Answer 24

1. Consists mainly of spongy bone
2. Surrounded by a thin layer of compact bone

Question 25

Epiphyseal line = ...

Answer 25

the remnant of epiphyseal disk/plate which is a region of hyaline cartilage which the bone grows in length.

Question 26

structure of the Epiphyseal line = remnant of epiphyseal disk/plate

Answer 26

1. Cartilage at the junction of the diaphysis and epiphyses (growth plate) 2. Beam shaped, which creates a stronger structure so bones can handle and minimize bending loads imposed on them.

Question 27

are bones fixed or dynamic?

Answer 27

Dynamic tissue- continues to change over the course of a lifetime

Question 28

true or false: bone changes in response to the load applied

Answer 28

true eg The behavior of bone varies with the direction of the load application

Question 29

what's bone matrix ?

Answer 29

The bone matrix is the intercellular substance of the bone that forms most of the mass of the bone. It consists of two types of material: organic and inorganic.

Question 30

what's the percentage split of inorganic and organic in bone matrix ?

Answer 30

50% organic 50% inorganic

Question 31

what's the organic portion made up off ?

Answer 31

* collagen * Water /cells

Question 32

what's the inorganic portion made up off?

Answer 32

mostly consists of calcium hydroxyapatite, but there are also significant amounts of bicarbonate, citrate, magnesium, potassium, and sodium ions.

Question 33

function of bone matrix:

Answer 33

Mechanical support and exerts essential role in the bone homeostasis.

Question 34

Analogy: 1.Metal bars are... 2.cement is...

Answer 34

1. collagen fibers (tensile strength) 2. hydroxyapatite (compression)

Question 35

organic: consists of...

Answer 35

collagen and proteoglycans

Question 36

inorganic: consists of...

Answer 36

hydroxyapatite. crystals

Question 37

what's calcification?

Answer 37

occurs when you have a buildup of excess calcium in your body. collagen is required

Question 38

cortical bone is

Answer 38

outer portion of bone

Question 39

cancellous bone/spongy is

Answer 39

inner portion of bone

Question 40

what percentage of cancellous bone makes up the human skeleton?

Answer 40

about 20%

Question 41

what percentage of Compact Bone (Cortical) makes up the human skeleton?

Answer 41

80% - shaft

Question 42

characteristics of compact bone (3things)

Answer 42

– Low porosity <15% (ratio of pore space to the total volume)(High density). – High Mineralisation – Little deformation withstands high levels of weight bearing and muscle tension in the longitudinal direction.

Question 43

characteristics of cancellous bone (2 things)

Answer 43

– High porosity (Low density). – Greater deformational characteristics – 20% of skeleton.

Question 44

what's Trabeculae

Answer 44

interconnecting rods or plates of bone. Like scaffolding. unique to spongy bone

Question 45

structure of trabeculae

Answer 45

– Spaces filled with marrow. – Covered with endosteum. – Oriented along stress lines (Compression/tensile strength: organization in the apparent chaos).

Question 46

structural difference between cancellous and cortical bone

Answer 46

The dense cortical tissue is arranged in column fashion. Columns are very strong under compression loads. The porous cancellous tissue is much more compliant than cortical tissue.

Question 47

Collagen's main role...

Answer 47

is to provide structure, strength and support throughout your body.

Question 48

without mineral bone would...

Answer 48

Bone in vinegar, the hydroxyapatite dissolves away, leaving the collagen ( Bendy Bone).

Question 49

without collagen bone would...

Answer 49

Heat the Bone, the collagen denatures, leaving the hydroxyapatite with no supporting network. ( Brittle Bone).

Question 50

what are the 5 parts of bone remodelling

Answer 50

activation resorption reversal formation mineralization

Question 51

Bone is a reservoir for calcium: Why is the body so concerned about blood calcium levels?

Answer 51

* Constant supply of Ca2 + in the blood stream needed for: – Transmission of nerve impulses – Muscle contraction – Blood coagulation – Cell division * A narrow range of 9-11mg Ca/100ml blood always maintained.

Question 52

wolff's law:

Answer 52

Changes in structure occur according to changes in function

Question 53

physical stresses to bone

Answer 53

Compression, Tension, Torsion, Shear

Question 54

a real life example of how stress effects bone

Answer 54

e.g. Astronauts often return to Earth with weaker bones, since gravity hasn't been exerting a load on their bones.- happens very quickly after entering space. The racquet-holding arm bones of tennis players become much stronger than those of the other arm since it is routinely placed under higher than normal stresses.

Question 55

true or false- age effects bones and if true how?

Answer 55

true: * Decreased bone volume, trabecular thickness and number * Decreased connectivity * Decreased mechanical strength

Question 56

is decreased bone quality more prevalent in males or females?

Answer 56

females- hormones during menopause

Question 57

what's the implication of loss of bone mass?

Answer 57

This loss leads to a significant increase in risk of fracture and the possibility of renal stone formation due to calcium mobilization from bone.