Musculoskeletal anatomy Flashcards
(188 cards)
1
Q
What are the 7 superficial muscles of the back?
A
- trapezius
- latissimus dorsi
- levator scapulae
- rhomboid major
- rhomboid minor
- serratus posterior superior
- serratus posterior inferior
2
Q
What are the actions of the trapezius?
A
Elevates & rotates scapula during abduction of arm
3
Q
What is the innervation of the trapezius?
A
Motor from accessory, CNXI
4
Q
What are the actions of the latissimus dorsi?
A
Extends, adducts & medially rotates upper limb
5
Q
What is the innervation of the latissimus dorsi?
A
Thoracodorsal nerve
6
Q
What are the actions of the levator scapulae?
A
Elevates scapula
7
Q
What is the innervation of the levator scapulae?
A
Dorsal scapular nerve
8
Q
What are the actions of the rhomboid major?
A
Retracts & rotates scapula
9
Q
What is the innervation of the rhomboid major?
A
Dorsal scapular nerve
10
Q
What are the actions of the rhomboid minor?
A
Retracts & rotates scapula
11
Q
What is the innervation of the rhomboid minor?
A
Dorsal scapular nerve
12
Q
What are the actions of the serratus posterior superior?
A
Elevates ribs 2-5
13
Q
What is the innervation of the serratus posterior superior?
A
Intercostal nerves
14
Q
What are the actions of the serratus posterior inferior?
A
Elevates ribs 9-12
15
Q
What is the innervation of the serratus posterior inferior?
A
Intercostal nerves
16
Q
What are the 4 rotator cuff muscles?
A
Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Subscapularis
Teres minor
17
Q
What is the main role of the rotator cuff muscles?
A
Gives glenohumeral joint additional stability
18
Q
Where do the rotator cuff muscles originate from & where do they attach to?
A
From scapula to humeral head
19
Q
What are the actions of the supraspinatus?
A
Abducts are 0-15 degrees
20
Q
What is the innervation of the supraspinatus?
A
Suprascapular
21
Q
What are the actions of the infraspinatus?
A
Laterally rotates arm
22
Q
What is the innervation of the infraspinatus?
A
Suprascapular
23
Q
What are the actions of the subscapularis?
A
Medially rotates arm
24
Q
What is the innervation of the subscapularis?
A
Upper & lower subscapular
25
What are the actions of the teres minor?
Laterally rotates arm
26
What is the innervation of the teres minor?
Axillary
27
What are the actions of the deltoid? (3)
Flexes arm at shoulder (anterior fibres)
Extends arm at shoulder (posterior fibres)
Abducts arm (middle fibres)
28
What is the innervation of the deltoid?
Axillary
29
What are the actions of the teres major?
Adducts at shoulder
| Medially rotates arm
30
What is the innervation of the teres major?
Lower subscapular
31
What are the contents of the axilla? (4)
Axillary artery & vein
Brachial plexus
Biceps brachii & coracobrachialis
Axillary lymph nodes
32
What are the roots of the brachial plexus?
```
C5
C6
C7
C8
T1
```
33
What are the trunks of the brachial plexus?
Superior
Middle
Inferior
34
What are the divisions of the brachial plexus?
3 anterior
| 3 posterior
35
What are the cords of the brachial plexus?
Lateral
Posterior
Medial
36
What are the branches of the brachial plexus?
```
Musculocutaneous
Axillary
Median
Radial
Ulnar
```
37
What are the roots of the musculocutaneous branch?
C5, C6, C7
38
What are the roots of the axillary branch?
C5, C6
39
What are the roots of the median branch?
C6, C7, C8, T1
40
What are the roots of the radial branch?
C5, C6, C7, C8, T1
41
What are the roots of the ulnar branch?
C8, T1
42
What are the 3 muscles of the anterior arm?
Biceps brachii
Coracobrachialis
Brachialis
43
What are the actions of the biceps brachii?
Supination of forearm
| Flexes arm at elbow & shoulder
44
What are the actions of the coracobrachialis?
Flexion of arm at shoulder
| Weak adduction
45
What are the actions of the brachialis?
Flexion at elbow
46
What is the innervation of the muscles of the anterior arm?
Musculocutaneous
47
What is the arterial supply of the anterior arm?
Brachial artery
48
What is the muscle of the posterior arm?
Triceps brachii
49
What are the actions of the triceps brachii?
Extension of arm at elbow
50
What is the triceps brachii innervated by?
Radial nerve
51
What is the arterial supply of the triceps brachii?
Profunda bracii artery
52
What type of structural joint is the elbow?
Synovial
53
What type of functional joint is the elbow?
Hinge
54
What are the 2 articulations of the elbow joint?
Trochlear notch of ulna & trochlea of humerus
| Head of radius & capitulum of humerus
55
What are bursa?
Membranous sacs filled with synovial fluid
| Act to cushion moving parts of joint
56
Where are the collateral ligaments of the elbow?
Medially & laterally
57
What are the 4 superficial muscles of the anterior forearm?
Flexor carpi ulnaris
Palmaris longus
Flexor carpi radialis
Pronator teres
58
Where do the superficial muscles of the anterior forearm originate from?
Common tendon from medial epicondyle of humerus
59
What are the actions of the flexor carpi ulnaris?
Flexion & adduction at wrist
60
What are the actions of the palmaris longus?
Flexion at wrist
61
What are the actions of the flexor carpi radialis?
Flexion & abduction at wrist
62
What are the actions of the pronator teres?
Pronation of forearm
63
What are the innervations of the muscles of the anterior forearm?
All but flexor carpi ulnaris & medial half of flexor digitorum profundus (ulnar nerve) innervated by median nerve
64
What is the muscle in the intermediate compartment of the anterior forearm?
Flexor digitorum superficialis
65
What are the actions of the flexor digitorum superficialis
Flexes MCP & proximal IP joints of 4 fingers
| Flexes wrist
66
What are the 3 deep muscles of the anterior forearm?
Flexor digitorum profundus
Flexor pollicis longus
Pronator quadratus
67
What are the actions of the flexor digitorum profundus?
Flex distal IP & MCP joints
| Flexes at wrist
68
What are the actions of the flexor pollicis longus?
Flexes IP & MCP joints of thumb
69
What are the actions of the pronator quadratus?
Pronates forearm
70
What are the 7 superficial muscles of the posterior forearm?
```
Brachioradialis
Extensor carpi longus
Extensor carpi brevis
Extensor digitorum
Extensor digiti minimi
Extensor carpi ulnaris
Anconeus
```
71
What are the actions of the brachioradialis?
Flexes at elbow
72
What are the actions of the extensor carpi radialis longus & brevis?
Extends & abducts wrist
73
What are the actions of the extensor digitorum?
Extends medial 4 fingers at MCP & IP jionts
74
What are the actions of the extensor digiti minimi?
Extends little finger
75
What are the actions of the extensor carpi ulnaris?
Extension & adduction of wrist
76
What are the actions of the anconeus?
Extends & stabilise elbow joint
| Abducts ulna during protonation
77
What are the 5 deep muscles of the posterior forearm?
```
Supinator
Abductor pollicus longus
Extensor pollicus brevis
Extensor pollicus longus
Extensor indicis proprius
```
78
What are the actions of the supinator?
Supinates forearm
79
What are the actions of the abductor pollicus longus?
Abducts thumb
80
What are the actions of the extensor pollicus brevis
Extends at MCP & CM joins of thumb
81
What are the actions of the extensor pollicus longus?
Extents at MCP, CM & IP joints of thumb
82
What are the actions of the extensor inidicis proprius?
Extends index finger
83
What is the innervation of the muscles in the posterior forearm?
Radial
84
What pass between the two heads of the flexor digitorum superficialis?
Median & ulnar nerves
85
What are the extrinsic muscles of the hand?
Located in forearm
| Crude movements & forceful grip
86
Where are the thenar muscles located?
Base of thumb
87
What are the thenar muscles innervated by?
Median nerve
88
What are the 3 thenar muscles?
Opponens pollicis
Abductor pollicis brevis
Flexor pollicis brevis
89
What are the actions of the opponens pollicis?
Opposes thumb by medially rotating & flexing MC
90
What are the actions of the abductor pollicis brevis?
Abducts thumb
91
What are the actions of the flexor pollicis brevis?
Flexes MCP joint of thumb
92
Where are the hypothenar muscles located?
Medial side of palm
93
What are the 3 hypothenar muscles?
Opponens digiti minimi
Abductor digiti minimi
Flexor digiti minimi brevis
94
What are the actions of the opponens digiti minimi?
Rotates 5th MC towards palm
| Opposition
95
What are the actions of the abductor digiti minimi?
Abducts finger 5
96
What are the actions of the flexor digiti minimi brevis?
Flexes MCP joint at finger 5
97
What are the hypothenar muscles innervated by?
Ulnar nerve
98
What are the actions of the lumbricals?
Flex at MCP joint
| Extend at IP joints
99
Where do the lumbricals originate from & where do they insert?
From tendon of flexor digitorum profundus
| To extensor hood
100
What is the innervation of the lumbricals?
Medial two by ulnar
| Lateral two by median
101
Which lumbricals are bipennate?
Medial 2
102
What does bipennate me?
Central tendon towards which fibres converge on either side
103
How many palmer & how many dorsal interossei are there?
3 palmar
| 4 dorsal
104
What is the action of the dorsal interosseis?
Abducts fingers at MCP joint
| DAB
105
What is the action of the palmar interosseis?
Adducts fingers at MCP joint
| PAD
106
What is the innervation of the interosseis?
Ulnar nerve
107
What are the actions of the palmaris brevis?
Wrinkles skin of hypothenar eminence
| Deepens curvature of hand
108
What are the actions of the adductor pollicis?
Adductor of thumb
109
What are the innervations of the muscles of the hand?
All ulnar apart from:
Lateral 2 lumbricals
Thenar muscles
110
How do the tendons of the flexor digitorum superficialis & profundus relate?
FDS splits into 2 & inserts on either side of middle phalanx
P passes underneath to inserts on distal phalynx
111
What are the 3 borders of the anatomical snuffbox?
Tendons of:
extensor pollicis longus
extensor pollicis brevis
abductor pollicis longus
112
When do the subclavian arteries become the axillary arteries?
When they enter the axilla
113
When does the axillary artery become the brachial artery?
At the level of teres major
114
What 3 arteries arise from the axillary artery at the level of the humeral surgical neck?
Posterior circumflex humeral artery
Anterior circumflex humeral artery
Subscapular artery
115
How does the brachial artery terminate?
By bifurcating into the radial & ulnar arteries
116
Which artery supplies the posterior aspect of the forearm?
Radius
117
Which artery supplies the anterior aspect of the forearm?
Ulnar
118
What do the radial and ulnar arteries anastomose in the hand to form?
Superficial palmar arch
| Deep palmar arch
119
What does this anastomosing of the hand allow?
Hand to be perfused when grasping/applying pressure
120
What arteries supply the fingers?
Common digital arteries
121
What are the 2 superficial veins of the upper limb?
Basilic
| Cephalic
122
What are vena comitantes?
Veins that are assisted in their return by the pulsations of arteries
123
What is the main vein used for venipuncture?
Median cubital vein
124
What is the cubital fossa?
Depression on anterior surface of elbow joint
125
What are the 3 main contents of the cubital fossa?
Radial & median nerves
Biceps tendon
Brachial artery
126
What are the articulations of the wrist joint between?
Scaphoid
Lunate
Triquetrum
Radial bone
127
What are the 8 carpal bones?
```
Scaphoid
Lunate
Triquetrum
Pisiform
Trapezium
Trapezoid
Capitate
Hamate
```
128
What are the 3 bones of the pelvic bone?
Ilium
Pubis
Ischium
129
What is the obturator foramen bound by?
Pubic rami
Pubic body
Ischial rami
Ischial body
130
What are the 4 superficial muscles of the gluteal region?
Gluteus maximus
Gluteus medius
Gluteus minimis
Tensor fascia lata
131
What are the actions of the gluteus maximus
Main extensor of thigh
| Assists with lateral rotation
132
What is the innervation of the gluteus maximus?
Inferior gluteal nerve (L5-S2)
133
What are the actions of the gluteus medius?
Abducts & medially rotates lower limb
| Secures pelvis during locomotion
134
What is the innervation of the gluteus medius?
Superior gluteal nerve
135
What are the actions of the gluteus minimis?
Abducts & medially rotates lower limb
| Secures pelvis
136
What is the innervation of the gluteus minimis?
Superior gluteal nerve
137
What are the actions of the tensor fascia lata?
Assists in abduction & medial rotation
| Supports gait
138
What is the innervation of the tensor fascia lata?
Superior gluteal nerve
139
What are the actions of the piriformis?
Lateral roation & abduction
140
What are the 4 muscles in the anterior compartment of the thigh?
Iliopsoas
Quadriceps femoris (x4)
Sartorius
Pectineus
141
What are the muscles in the anterior compartment of the thigh innervated by?
Femoral nerve
142
What are the actions of the iliopsoas?
Flexes lower limb at hip
| Assists in lateral rotation at hip joint
143
What are the 4 quadriceps femoris muscles?
Vastus lateralis
Vastus intermedius
Vastus medialis
Rectus femoris
144
What do the quadriceps femoris muscles attach to distally?
Patella via patella tendon
145
What do the vastus muscles of the quadriceps femurs do?
Extend knee joint
| Stabilise patella
146
What does the rectus femoris do?
Flexes leg at hip joint
| Extend knee joint
147
What are the actions of the sartorious?
Flexor, abductor, lateral rotator at hip joint
| Flexor at knee
148
What are the actions of the pectineus
Adduction & flexion at hip joint
149
What does the femoral triangle contain?
```
NAVEL
Femoral nerve
Artery
Vein
Empty space
Lymphoid canal
```
150
What is the iliotibial tract?
A lateral extension of thickened fascia attached to the fascia late
Acts to stabilise knee joint & aids in abduction of thigh at hip
151
What are the 3 posterior muscles of the thigh?
Biceps femoris
Semitendinosus
Semimembranosus
152
What is the innervation to the 3 posterior muscles of the thigh?
Sciatic nerve
L4-S3
Tibial for all but short head of biceps femoris
153
What are the actions of the biceps femoris?
Flexion at knee
Extends leg at hip
Laterally rotates at hip & knee
154
What are the actions of the semitendinosus?
Flexion at knee
Extension at hip
Medially rotates at hip & knee
155
What are the actions of the semimembranous?
Flexion at knee
Extension at hip
Medially rotates hip & knee
156
What are the 5 muscles of the medial compartment of the thigh?
Adductor magnus
Adductor longus
Adductor brevis
Obturator externus
157
What are the muscles of the medial compartment of the thigh innervated by?
Obturator
158
What is the arterial supply of the medial compartmental thigh muscles?
Obturator artery
159
What are the actions of the adductor magnus?
Adducts thigh
Adductor flexes
Hamstring extends thigh
160
What are the actions of the adductor longus?
Adduction & medial rotation of thigh
161
What are the actions of the adductor brevis?
Adduction of thigh
162
What are the actions of the obturator externus?
Laterally rotates thigh
163
What are the actions of the gracilis?
Adduction of thigh
| Flexion at knee
164
What are the 4 muscles of the anterior leg?
Tibialis anterior
Extensor digitorum longus
Extensor hallucis longus
Fibularis tertius
165
What are the muscles in the anterior leg innervated by?
Deep peroneal nerve
| L4-L5
166
What is the arterial supply of the muscles in the anterior leg?
Anterior tibial artery
167
What are the actions of the tibialis anterior?
Dorsiflexion & inversion
168
What are the actions of the extensor digitorum longus?
Extension of lateral 4 toes
| Dorsiflexion
169
What are the actions of the extensor hallucis longus?
Eversion
| Dorsiflexion
170
What are the 2 muscles of the lateral leg?
Fibularis longus
| Fibularis brevis
171
What are the muscles of the lateral leg innervated by?
Superficial peroneal
| L4-S1
172
What are the actions of the fibrularis longus?
Eversion
Planterflexion
Supports arches
173
What are the actions of the fibularis brevis?
Eversion
174
What are the 3 superficial muscles of the posterior leg?
Gastrocnemius
Plantaris
Soleus
175
What is the innervation of the muscles of the posterior leg?
Tibial
176
What do the superficial muscles of the posterior leg insert into?
Calcaneus of foot via calcaneal tendon
177
What are the actions of the gastrocnemius?
Plantarflexor
| Knee flexor
178
What are the actions of the plantaris?
Plantarflexor
| Knee flexor
179
What are the actions of the soleus?
Plantarflexor
180
What are the 4 deep muscles of the posterior leg?
Popliteus
Tibialis posterior
Flexor digitorum longus
Flexor hallucis
181
What are the actions of the popliteus?
Laterally rotates femur
182
What are the actions of the tibialis posterior?
Inverts
| Plantarflexes
183
What are the actions of the flexor digitorum longus?
Flexes lateral 4 toes
184
What are the actions of the flexor hallucis longus
Flexes great toe
185
What is the popliteal fossa?
Anatomical hole found behind knee joint
186
What type of functional joint is the hip joint?
Ball & socket
187
What type of structural joint is the hip joint?
Synovial
188
What deepens the acetabulum?
Acetabular labrum
