Musculoskeletal Anatomy - Upper Limb Flashcards
(89 cards)
1
Q
name the 6 types of synovial joints, with an example of each
A
hinge - elbow joint ball and socket - hip joint plane - lamina in vertebrae ellipsoid - atlas vs skull pivot - ulna/radius saddle - thumb
2
Q
name three examples of fibrous cartilage
A
periodontal ligaments
flat bones of skull
membrane between ulna and radius
3
Q
what are primary and secondary cartilage joint called, and name an example of each
A
primary - synchondrosis: articular cartilage in long bones
secondary - symphysis: pubic symphysis
4
Q
what is the difference between primary and secondary cartilage joints?
A
primary: only hyaline cartilage
secondary: hyaline + fibrocartilage
5
Q
name the difference in chondrocyte shape and secretions in the superficial and transitional layers of articular cartilage
A
superficial layer: flat chondrocytes, secrete glycoproteins (lubricin)
transitional layer: round chondrocytes, secrete proteoglycans (aggegan)
6
Q
how is nutrition delivered to cartilage and waste removed?
A
via synovial fluid
7
Q
which cells produce synovial fluid?
A
Type B synoviocytes
8
Q
what is the main function of type A synoviocytes?
A
remove waste
9
Q
what is the main function of type B synoviocytes?
A
produce synovial fluid
10
Q
what is synovial fluid composed of?
A
- fluid from plasma
- glycoproteins
- hyaluronic acid
11
Q
name four functions of synovial fluid
A
- friction reduction
- waste removal
- nutrition to cartilage
- cushioning
- lubrication
12
Q
what changes in characteristics of synovial fluid cause joint damage with age?
A
- increased viscosity
- decreased water content
13
Q
what are bursae and where are they found?
A
they are fluid filled cushions found next to joint areas at high risk of friction against ligaments or bone
14
Q
what encourages synovial fluid to reach the cartilage?
A
lack of an epithelial lining on the synovial membrane
15
Q
what are the terminal branches of the brachial plexus?
A
- muscolocutaneous nerve
- axillary nerve
- radial nerve
- median nerve
- ulnar nerve
16
Q
what are the root values of the brachial plexus?
A
C5-T1
17
Q
what are the 6 branches of the lumbar plexus?
A
- ilioinguinal nerve
- iliohypogastric nerve
- genitofemoral nerve
- femoral nerve
- obturator nerve
- lateral femoral cutaneous nerve
18
Q
what are the root values of the lumbar plexus?
A
L1-L5
19
Q
what are the main branches of the sacral plexus?
A
- superior gluteal nerve
- inferior gluteal nerve
- sciatic nerve
20
Q
what are the root values of the sacral plexus?
A
L4-S4
21
Q
what two nerves make up the sciatic nerve?
A
common peroneal nerve
tibial nerve
22
Q
what nerves supply the lateral, anterior and posterior aspects of the leg?
A
lateral - superficial peroneal nerve
anterior - deep peroneal nerve
posterior - tibial nerve
23
Q
what nerve supply the anterior, medial and posterior aspects of the thigh?
A
anterior - femoral nerve
medial - obturator nerve
posterior - sciatic nerve
24
Q
what nerve supplies the posterior aspect of the arm?
A
radial nerve
25
what are the LOAF muscles, and what nerve are they supplied by?
- lateral two lumbricals
- opponens pollicis
- abductor pollicis brevis
- flexor pollicis brevis
all supplied by median nerve
26
which arteries contribute the most to the superficial and deep palmar arch respectively?
superficial palmar arch - ulnar artery
| deep palmar arch - radial artery
27
on a specimen, where does the ulnar nerve lie in relation to the ulnar artery?
ulnary nerve lies medial to the ulnary artery
28
in the antecubital fossa, where does the median nerve lie in relation to the brachial artery?
median nerve lies medial to the brachial artery
29
what are the three main flexors of the elbow joint?
- brachioradialis
- brachialis
- biceps brachii
30
what are the three main pronators of the forearm?
- biceps brachii
- pronator teres
- pronator quadratus
31
what are the two main extensors of the elbow joint?
- triceps brachii
| - anconeus
32
what is the main supinator of the forearm?
- supinator muscle
33
which muscle receives radial nerve supply despite not being in the posterior compartment?
brachioradialis
34
what are the root values of the ulnar nerve?
C8-T1
35
what are the root values of the median nerve?
C5-T1
36
what are the root values of the musculocutaneous nerve?
C5-C7
37
what are the root values of the radial nerve?
C5-T1
38
what is the function of the palmar and dorsal interosseous muscles respectively?
palmar interosseous - adduction of fingers
| dorsal interosseous - abduction of fingers
39
what is the function of the lumbricals?
flexion at MCP joints and extension at proximal and distal IP joints
40
what are the superficial flexor muscles of the forearm, and what nerve innervates them?
- pronator teres
- flexor carpi radialis
- palmaris longus
- flexor carpi ulnaris
innervated by median nerve except for flexor carpi ulnaris, which is innervated by the ulnar nerve
41
what structures pass through the carpal tunnel?
- median nerve
- flexor digitorum profundus tendons
- flexor digitorum superficialis tendons
- flexor pollicis longus tendon
42
what type of joint is found at the proximal and distal radio-ulnar joints?
synovial pivot joints
43
what type of joint is found at the carpal bones?
synovial condylar joints
44
what type of joint is found at the thumb?
synovial saddle joint
45
which two carpal bones articulate with the radius in the wrist?
- scaphoid
| - lunate
46
name the 8 carpal bones
- scaphoid
- lunate
- pisiform
- triquetrum
- hamate
- capitate
- trapezoid
- trapezium
47
name the ligaments that support the elbow joint medially and laterally
medial collateral ligament
| lateral collageral ligament
48
what is the annular ligament?
a circular ligament that surrounds the head of the radius and attaches it to the ulna
49
name the borders of the anatomical snuffbox in the hand
- extensor pollicis longus
| - abductor pollicis longus/extensor pollicis brevis
50
name the thenar eminence muscles and their innervation
- abductor pollicis brevis
- flexor pollicis brevis
- opponens pollicis
innervated by median nerve
51
name the hypothenar eminence muscles and their innervation
- abductor digiti minimi
- flexor digiti minimi
- opponens digiti minimi
innervated by ulnar nerve
52
is the ulnar nerve found in the antecubital fossa?
no
53
which finger flexor only flexes the fingers at the proximal IP joints?
flexor digitorum superficialis
54
which finger flexor flexes fingers at the proximal and distal IP joint?
flexor digitorum profundus
55
the lumbrical muscles arise from the tendons of which muscle?
flexor digitorum profundus
56
damage to which nerve causes carpal tunnel syndrome?
damage to median nerve
57
damage to which brachial plexus trunk causes Klumpke's palsy? specify the nerve roots involved
damage to lower trunk (C8-T1)
58
damage to which brachial plexus trunk causes Erb's palsy? specify the nerve roots involved
damage to upper trunk (C5-C6)
59
what is the action of the extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis on the wrist joint?
abduction of wrist
| extension of wrist
60
what is another term for wrist adduction and abduction?
wrist adduction - ulnar deviation
| wrist abduction - radial deviation
61
what is the name of the branch of the radial nerve that innervates the extensor muscles of the forearm?
posteriour interosseous nerve
62
which artery passes underneath the anatomical snuff box?
radial artery
63
what are the extensor expansions in the fingers, and what muscles attach to them?
bands of connective tissue that arise from the extensor digitorum tendon forming a triangular hood
palmar/dorsal interossei, lumbricals and extensor digitorum/indicis attach to the extensor expansions
64
if an xray of a long bone shows an epiphyseal plate, what does that tell you about the patient undergoing the xray?
it's a young person who is still growing
65
inability to move fingers means damage to which nerve?
ulnar nerve
66
what are the SITS muscles? name them
they are the rotator cuff muscles
- supraspinatus
- infraspinatus
- teres minor
- subscapularis
67
which three muscles attach to the coracoid process in the scapula?
- coracobrachialis
- short head of biceps brachii
- pectoralis minor
68
which teres muscle is part of the rotator cuff?
teres minor
69
does the thumb have a proximal interphalangeal joint?
no
70
which carpal bones can be felt in the anatomical snuffbox?
scaphoid
| trapezium
71
why is the scaphoid at risk of avascular necrosis in proximal scaphoid fractures?
because scaphoid receives retrograde blood supply
72
which flexor muscle of the forearm is used as landmark to guide wrist surgery?
flexor carpi radialis
73
what is the clinical significance of the palmaris longus?
it is used for tendon transfers/grafts
74
how many tendons act on the proximal interphalangeal joints? name them
two - flexor digitorum superficialis and profundus
75
how many tendons act on the distal interphalangeal joints? name them
one - flexor digitorum profundus
76
what test is used to examine the blood supply of the hand? what does it involve?
Allen's test
| compress ulnar and radial artery, then decompress ulnar artery
77
which rotator cuff muscles attach to the greater tuberosity of the humerus?
supraspinatus
infraspinatus
teres minor
78
which rotator cuff muscle attaches to the lesse tuberosity of the humerus?
subscapularis
79
what are the important functions of the clavicle?
stabilise shoulder
protect neurovascular structures underneath
attachment for muscles
80
what are the three main ligaments in the glenohumeral joint which stabilise the joint?
superior glenohumeral ligament
middle glenohumeral ligament
inferior glenohumeral ligament
81
what's the tear called in which the glenohumeral labrum detaches from the glenoid fossa? name the commonest cause of this
Bankart lesion
| often as a result of an anterior shoulder dislocation
82
what is the nerve supply of the serratus anterior?
long thoracic nerve (nerve of Bell)
83
what is the action of the serratus anterior?
protraction of the scapula
84
what nerve is often damaged as a result of a shoulder dislocation?
axillary nerve
85
name which muscles are involved in abduction of the arm (specify degrees of abduction)
supraspinatus - initiation of abduction to 15 degrees
deltois - abduction from 15 to 90 degrees
trapezius and serratus anterior - abduction from 90 to full elevation
86
if the supraspinatus muscle is damaged, what will the patient struggle to do?
they will struggle to initiate abduction of their arm
87
what are the rotator cuff muscles, and what are their movements
teres minor - external rotation, extension
infraspinatus - external rotation, extension
supraspinatus - abduction
subscapularis - internal rotation
88
what is the innervation of the rotator cuff muscles?
supraspinatus - suprascapular nerve
infraspinatus - suprascapular nerve
teres minor - axillary nerve
supscapularis - subscapular nerves (inf and sup)
89
what are the four main joints in the shoulder?
- sternoclavicular joint
- acromioclavicular joint
- glenohumeral joint
- physiological (scapulothoracic) joint
