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1a. Year 2 > Musculoskeletal CORETEX > Flashcards

Musculoskeletal CORETEX Flashcards

(54 cards)

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1
Q

What is the cause of an enchondroma?

A

Failure of normal enchondral ossification at the growthplate

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2
Q

How may simple bone cysts present?

A

Asymptomatic incidental finding on xray.

Pathological fracture

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3
Q

What is treatment for a simple and aneurysmal bone cyst?

A

Curettage
Bone grafting
Stabilisation may be required

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4
Q

What is thought to be the cause of aneurysmal bone tumours?

A

Small arteriovenus malformation

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5
Q

What is the microscopic appearance of giant cell tumour of bone?

A

Multi-nucleate giant cells

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6
Q

What is the treatment for giant cell tumous of the lung?

A

Intralesional excision
Destruction of remaining bone tumour with phenol, bone cement or liquid nitrogen.
Joint replacement may be required

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6
Q

What is the treatment for giant cell tumous of the lung?

A

Intralesional excision
Destruction of remaining bone tumour with phenol, bone cement or liquid nitrogen.
Joint replacement may be required

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7
Q

What is the appearance of fibrous dysplasia?

A

Angular deformities
The affected bone is wider with thinned cortices
Shepherd’s crook deformity

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8
Q

What is the treatment for fibrous dysplasia?

A

BISPHOSPHONATES - may reduce pain

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9
Q

What are signs of malignant primary bone tumours on x-ray?

A

Cortical destruction
Periosteal reaction - raised periosteum producing bone
New bone formation
Exstention into the surrounding soft tissue envelope

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10
Q

What is the most common method of spread of osteosarcoma?

A

Haematogenous

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11
Q

What is osteosarcoma?

A

Malignant tumour producing bone

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12
Q

What is chondrosarcoma?

A

Cartilage producing primary bone tumour

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13
Q

What is the most common location for chondrosarcoma?

A

Pelvis and proximal femur

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14
Q

What are fibrosarcoma and malignant fibrous histiocytoma?

A

Fibrous malignant primary bone tumours that tend to occur in abnormal bone.

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15
Q

What is ewings sarcoma?

A

A malignant tumour of primative cells in the marrow

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16
Q

What are the main signs of ewings sarcoma?

A

Fever
Raised inflammatory markers
Warm swelling

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17
Q

What is lymphoma?

A

A cancer of round cells of the lymphyocytic system/macrophages

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18
Q

What is myeloma?

A

A malignant B cell proliferation that arises from the marrow

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19
Q

What is a lipoma?

A

A neoplastic proliferation of fat

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20
Q

What is the most common location of a lipoma?

A

Subcutaneous fat

however this may occur in the muscle

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21
Q

What can lead to the formation of a Ganglion Cyst?

Study These Flashcards
A

herniation or out‐pouching of a weak portion of joint capsule or tendon sheath.

22
Q

What are the features of a ganglion cyst?

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A

well‐defined, may be quite firm and readily transilluminate.

23
Q

What is a bursa?

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A

A small fluid filled sac lined by synovium

24
What leads to bursitis?
Repeated pressure or trauma | Bacterial infection
25
What can lead to abscess formation?
Cellulitis Bursitis Penetrating wound Infected sebaceous cyst
26
What is avascular necrosis?
An ischaemic necrosis of bone predominantly in adults
27
What can lead to avascular necrosis?
``` Fracture Idiopathic Alcoholism Steroid use/abuse Thrombophilia Sickle Cell disease Antiphospholipid deficiency Cassions disease ```
28
How do alcoholism and steroid use lead to avascular necrosis?
Alter fat metabolism which can result in mobilisation of fat into the circulation which can sludge up the capillary system and promote coagulability
29
What is cassions disease?
Decompression sickness - Nitrogen gas bubble form in the circulation after too rapid a depressurisation after deep sea diving
30
What are the characteristics of osteoporosis?
Reduced bone mineral density | Increased porosity
31
What are the two types of osteoporosis?
Type 1 - Post-menopausal Osteoporosis | Type 2 - Osteoporosis of old age
32
What are the risk factors for osteoporosis?
Chronic Disease Inactivity Reduced sunlight exposure Fracture
33
What is osteomalacia?
A qualitative defect of bone with abnormal softening of the bone due to deficient mineralisation of osteoid (immature bone) secondary to inadequate amounta of calcium and phosphorus
34
What are the principle causes of osteomalacia and rickett's?
Insufficient calcium absorption from the intestine due to lack of dietary calcium or resistance to the action of vitamin D. Increased renal phosphate loss
35
What are the symptoms of osteomalacia and rickett's?
Bone pain Deformities of the soft bone Pathological fracture Hypocalcaemia
36
What is hyperparathyroidism?
Involves overactivity of the parathyroid glands with high levels of parathyroid hormone.
37
What is a seropositive condition?
Auto-antibodies are present in the serum
38
What are autoantibodies?
antibodies generated by the immune system against the body's own proteins, usually within cells.
39
What are some of the risk factors for osteoarthritis?
Joints with an abnormal allignment Previous injuries Strenuous work
40
What are the four broad groups of inflammatory arthropathies?
Seropositive Seronegative Infections Crystal Deposition Disorders
41
What is a cause of many inflammatory arthropathies?
Auto-immune mediated conditions
42
What is the mainstay of treatment for inflammatory arthropathies?
Simple analgesia Anti-inflammatories - Steroids; NSAIDs Steroid Injections Disease modifying anti rheumatic drugs
43
What are some triggers for RA?
Smoking Infection Trauma
44
What is ankylosing spondylitis?
A chronic inflammatory disease of the spine and sacroiliac joints which can lead to fusion of the intervertebral joints and SI joints
45
What is gout?
A crystal arthropathy caused by deposition of urate crystals within a joint
46
What is the cause of gout?
High serum uric acid levels
47
What are features of gout?
Red, painful hot swollen joint - may mimic septic arthritis | Gouty tophi
48
How is gout diagnosed?
Analysis of synovial fluid - negatively biofringent needle shaped crystals
49
What is the treatment for acute gout?
NSAIDs Corticosteroids Opioid Analgesics Colchicine
50
What is the treatment for chronic gout?
Allopurinol - urate lowering therapy
51
What is pseudogout?
A crystal arthropathy that leads to acute arthritis caused by calcium pyrophosphate crystals
52
What does chondrocalcinosis mean?
When calcium pyrophosphate deposition occurs in cartilage and other soft tissues in the absence of acute inflammation
53
Where are the typical locations for pseudogout?
Knee Wrist Ankle

1a. Year 2 (10 decks)

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