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Musculoskeletal Disorders Flashcards

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1
Q

what is arthritis?

A

inflammation of joints

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2
Q

what is arthrosis?

A

non-inflammatory joint disease

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3
Q

what is arthralgia?

A

joint pain

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4
Q

what type of tissue is bone?

A

connective

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5
Q

what are the 3 main features of bone?

A

load bearing
dynamic
self repairing

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6
Q

what is the function of osteoclasts?

A

responsible for aged bone resorption
they eat away the bone matrix

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7
Q

what is the function of osteoblasts?

A

responsible for new bone formation

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8
Q

how long does the bone turnover cycle take?

A

3-6 months

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9
Q

what does the bone turnover cycle require?

A

correct amounts of calcium, phosphate and vitamin d

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10
Q

What is stored within bone?

A

calcium

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11
Q

what is the function of the parathyroid hormone?

A

a hormone your parathyroid glands release to control calcium levels in your blood

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12
Q

what is hyperparathyroidism?

A

where the parathyroid glands (in the neck, near the thyroid gland) produce too much parathyroid hormone

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13
Q

what is hypoparathyroidism?

A

parathyroid glands, which are in the neck near the thyroid gland, produce too little parathyroid hormone.

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14
Q

what causes primary hyperparathyroidism and what can it lead to?

A

can be due to tumours, resulting in high serum calcium levels and inappropriate activation of osteoclasts

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15
Q

what causes secondary hyperparathyroidism and what can it lead to?

A

can be due to low serum calcium, this will activate osteoclasts in bone to try maintain the level

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16
Q

how can you receive vitamin D?

A

produced from sunlight through cholecalciferol in the skin
absorbed from the diet

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17
Q

vitamin D problems

A

low sunlight exposure
poor GI absorption
drug interactions
due to the pigment in the skin, darker skinned people absorb less vitamin D less efficiently

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18
Q

what is osteomalacia?

A

a condition where bones become soft and weak.
poorly mineralised osteoid matrix
poorly mineralised cartilage growth plate
The most common cause is not having enough vitamin D

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19
Q

what is osteoporosis?

A

weakens bones to the point that they can break easily
loss of mineral and matrix - reduced bone mass
It develops slowly over several years and is often only diagnosed when a fall or sudden impact causes a bone to break (fracture)

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20
Q

what is rickets?

A

Rickets is a condition that affects bone development in children. It causes bone pain, poor growth and soft, weak bones that can lead to bone deformities
when osteomalacia happens during bone formation a disease called rickets results. after bone formation is completed the disease is termed osteomalacia

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21
Q

what causes osteomalacia?

A

calcium deficiency

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22
Q

effects of osteomalacia?

A

BONE EFFECTS
bones bend under pressure - ‘bow legs’
vertebral compression in adults
bones ‘ache’ to touch
HYPOCALCAEMIA EFFECTS\
muscle weakness
trousseau and chvostek signs positive

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23
Q

risk factors of osteoporosis

A

age
female>male
oestrogen and testosterone deficiency
cushings syndrome
genetic - family history, race, early menopause
inactivity
smoking
alcohol consumption
diet - lack of calcium
steroids
anti-epileptics

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24
Q

why is osteoporosis more common in females than males?

A

the hormone changes that happen at the menopause directly affect bone density.
oestrogen withdrawal increases bone mass loss

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25
what is peak bone mass age?
24-35yrs
26
what drugs are used to treat osteoporosis?
bisphosphonates
27
osteoporosis prevention
exercise high dietary calcium intake oestrogen hormone replacement therapy - most effective if early menopause
28
what is hormone replacement therapy?
Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) is a treatment to relieve symptoms of the menopause. It replaces hormones that are at a lower level as you approach the menopause
29
how do bisphosphonates work?
They act by preventing osteoclast action, by poisoning the osteoclast and reducing their numbers. If there are reduced osteoclasts, less bone can be removed therefore bone mass can be preserved
30
what are the 4 main types of bisphosphonates?
alendronate ibandronate zolendronate risendronate
31
what does the higher the potency of a drug mean?
means the drug will be taken less
32
what is osteocrenosis?
blood flow to part of a bone is disrupted
33
where is commonly effected by osteonecrosis due to an invasive dental procedure?
the jaw
34
symptoms of joint disease
pain immobility stiffness loss of function
35
how to investigate joint disease?
radiography blood tests arthroscopy and biopsy
36
what is crepitus?
noise made by bone ends moving
37
example of arthropathies
gout
38
what are crystal arthropathies?
a group of joint disorders caused by deposits of crystals in joints and the soft tissues around them
39
what are acute monoarthropathies?
only affects one joint in the body
40
what is gout
Gout gives you acute arthritis of a single joint but it can also be caused by a septic arthritis where an infection has got in to a joint. Uric acid crystals are deposited in the joint and cause inflammation, causing significant pain
41
what does hyperuricaemia mean?
high uric acid levels
42
causes of hyperuricaemia
drug induced - thiazide diuretics genetic predisposition chemotherapy tumour related - myeloma obesity and alcohol consumption less common in women until menopause - then equalises
43
gout symptoms
acute inflammation of single joint rapid onset
44
what is prescribed to treat gout?
NSAIDS
45
dental aspects of gout
avoid aspirin - interferes with uric acid removal drug treatments may give oral ulceration (allopurinol)
46
what is osteoarthritis?
most common form of arthritis degenerative joint disease
47
where does osteoarthritis most commonly effect?
hips and knees
48
symptoms of osteoarthritis
pain that improves with rest and worsens with activity brief morning sickness slowly progressive over years
49
how to test for osteoarthritis
radiographs
50
treatment for osteoarthritis
NSAIDS joint replacement
51
dental aspects of OA
TMJ can be involved chronic NSAID use - oral ulceration, anti platelets can lead to increased bleeding
52
what is rheumatoid arthritis?
initially an autoimmune disease of the synovium with gradual inflammatory joint destruction
53
main difference between osteoarthritis and rheumatoid
rheumatoid is not a disease of old age like osteoarthritis , starts earlier on in life and progresses from there
54
where does rheumatoid arthritis effect?
it is a symmetrical polyarthritis and effects all synovial joints in the body
55
symptoms of RA?
joint swelling fever slow onset - initially hands and feet weight loss
56
investigations of RA
radiographs blood tests
57
drugs used to treat RA
analgesics - paracetamol, cocodomol NSAIDS steroids disease modifying drugs - hydroxychloroquine, methotrexate
58
dental aspects of RA
reduced dexterity access to care sjogrens sydrome - dry mouth drug effects - bleeding, ulceration, pigmentation
59
what RA drug can cause oral lichenoid reactions
sulphasalazine hydroxychloroquinone
60
what RA drug can cause oral ulceration
methotrexate
61
what RA drug can cause oral pigmentation
hydroxychloroquinone
62
what is seronegative spondyloarthritides
a family of joint disorders that classically include; ankylosing spondylitis reiter's disease arthritis of IBD
63
effects of ankylosing spondylitis
disabling progressive lack of axial movement lower back pain cervical spine tipped forward (kyphosis)
64
treatment for ankylosing spondylitis
analgesia NSAIDS physio occupational therapy surgery

Human Disease (17 decks)

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