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Flashcards in Musculoskeletal Pathology Deck (34)
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1
Q

What are bursae?

A

Thin, lubricated cushions located at friction points between a bone and the surrounding soft tissue (skin, muscles, ligaments and tendons)

2
Q

Where are bursae located?

A

Between a bone and opposing surface (skin) like a water balloon

3
Q

How many bursae does the adult body contain?

A

160 bursae

4
Q

What is the size of normal bursae?

A

2 mm

5
Q

What is bursitis?

A

An inflammation of 1+ bursae of synovial fluid

6
Q

What is known as “student’s elbow” or “elbow bump?”

A

Olecranon bursitis (behind the elbow and clears up on its own)

7
Q

How does olecranon bursitis appear on U/S?

A

A fluid collection in the bursa and/or hyperemia

8
Q

What is shoulder bursitis?

A

The most common cause of shoulder pain often called “rotator cuff tendonitis” or “impingement syndrome”

9
Q

What happens with shoulder bursitis?

A

Pinching of the tendons/bursa of the rotator cuff between bones

10
Q

What are the layers (from top to bottom) of the supraspinatus tendon on U/S?

A

Skin, subcutaneous fat, deltoid muscle, bursa, tendon, cartilage, bone

11
Q

Where does the median nerve run?

A

From the forearm to the palm of the hand

12
Q

What does the median nerve control sensation of?

A

Palm side of thumb and fingers (not little)

13
Q

What is Tinel’s test?

A

Tapping the median nerve at the wrist (nerve pain any digit except pinky)

14
Q

What is Phalen’s test?

A

Palmar flexion for 60 seconds to detect median nerve pain

15
Q

What can U/S detect in terms of carpal tunnel syndrome?

A

Palmar bowing of flexor retinaculum (more than 2 mm beyond pisiform/scaphoid), distal nerve flattening, and enlargement of the nerve proximal to the flexor retinaculum

16
Q

What is a ganglion cyst?

A

A sac filled with a jellylike fluid originating from a tendon sheath or joint capsule and are the most common benign soft-tissue masses

17
Q

What does the term ganglion mean?

A

A “knot” - like mass that forms beneath the skin

18
Q

Where do ganglion cysts occur?

A

Most common in the wrist, but the foot as well

19
Q

How do ganglion cysts appear on U/S?

A

Most are anechoic to hypoechoic and have well-defined borders (many have internal septation and acoustic enhancement)

20
Q

What is De Quervain Syndrome?

A

Tenosynovitis of the sheath / tunnel that surrounds 2 policis tendons

21
Q

What is another name for De Quervain Syndrome?

A

“New Mom Syndrome”

22
Q

What are APL and EPB?

A

Abductor policis longus and extensor policis brevis

23
Q

What are U/S findings of De Quervain?

A

Edematous tendon thickening (APL/EPB) radial styloid level, increased fluid within 1st extensor tendon compartment sheath, thickening of retinaculum/synovial, peritendinous subcutaneous hyperemia or edema (halo sign)

24
Q

What test detects De Quervain Syndrome?

A

Finkelstein

25
Q

What are Baker (Popliteal) cysts?

A

Fluid-filled distended synovial-lined bursa between gastrocnemius and semimembranous tendons communicating through knee joint

26
Q

What are U/S findings with Baker cysts?

A

Well-defined with neck deep extending into joint space (gastrocnemius/semimembranous)

27
Q

What confirms diagnosis of Baker cysts?

A

Fluid-filled structure is indicative, but identification of neck is necessary

28
Q

How do Baker cysts appear on U/S?

A

Anechoic with possible internal debris

29
Q

What is gout?

A

A build-up of uric acid crystals in a joint causing gouty arthritis

30
Q

What is tophus?

A

A deposit of uric acid crystals

31
Q

How do uric acid crystals appear on U/S?

A

They give a double contour sign on the surface of the cartilage

32
Q

What are xanthomas?

A

Lesions with accumulations of lipid-laden machrophages

33
Q

What diseases are xanthomas associated with?

A

Hyperlipedemia II, chronic biliary tract obstruction, and primary biliary cirrhosis

34
Q

Which locations are common for xanthomas?

A

Achilles tendon, hands, feet, elbow, knee