Musculoskeletal revision lectures

Question 1

increased mobility increases/decreases stability?

Answer 1

decreases

Question 2

types of fibrous joint?

Answer 2

sydesmoses (interosseous membranes), sutures (coronal)

Question 3

Which fibrous joint is more stable?

Answer 3

sutures

Question 4

Type of fibrous joint in neonates, and function of these?

Answer 4

Fontanelles - allow growing frontal, parietal, temp and occipital bones to slide over one another

Question 5

Types of cartilaginous joints?

Answer 5

Primary (synchondroses)

Secondary (symphyses)

Question 6

Type of cartilage in primary and example of location?

Answer 6

hyaline cartilage - epiphyseal growth plate (long bones)

Question 7

Type of cartilage in secondary and example of location?

Answer 7

fibrocartilage - intervertebral discs (strong but slightly moveable)

Question 8

What happens following the full growth an epiphyseal growth plate?

Answer 8

fusion and ossification

Question 9

Primary cartilaginous joint slip example?

Answer 9

slipped femoral epiphysis

Question 10

Secondary cartilaginous joint slip example?

Answer 10

slipped disc

Question 11

outer ring of secondary cartilaginous joint?

Answer 11

outer fibrous annulus fibrosus (ring of fibrocartilage)

Question 12

Inner area of secondary cartilaginous joint?

Answer 12

inner soft nucleus pulposus

Question 13

where do synovial joints occur?

Answer 13

where 2 or more bones articulate

Question 14

hyaline cartilage covers which surfaces?

Answer 14

articular surfaces

Question 15

A capsule wraps around the joint, what does this capsule consist of?

Answer 15

superficial strong fibrous layer, deeper synovial membrane layer (secretion of synovial fluid)

Question 16

What is the structure and function of ligaments?

Answer 16

fibrous bands, connect bone to bone to improve stability

Question 17

Structure, function and attachment of tendons to synovial joints?

Answer 17

Fibrous bands, attach bone to skeletal muscle, insert onto bones at either side of the joint

Question 18

structure and function of bursae?

Answer 18

extensions of joint cavity or independent pockets of the joint cavity, prevent friction around the joint

Question 19

name an example of a special feature of a synovial joint?

Answer 19

articular disc in TMJ

Question 20

Name the 5 subtypes of synovial joints?

Answer 20

pivot, ball & socket, plane, hinge and biaxial

Question 21

Most to least stable type of joint?

Answer 21

fibrous > cartilaginous > synovial

Question 22

step before subluxation/ dislocation?

Answer 22

ligament injury +/- slipped disc but articular surfaces still in normal anatomical relation to one another

Question 23

Define subluxation?

Answer 23

reduced area of contact between articular surfaces

Question 24

Define dislocation?

Answer 24

complete loss of contact between articular surfaces

Question 25

TMJ articulates which bones?

Answer 25

mandibular fossa, articular tubercle and head of the condylar process of the mandible

Question 26

what happens in dislocation of the TMJ?

Answer 26

head of consular process becomes stuck anterior to the articular tubercle of the temporal bone

Question 27

what is a dangerous complication of dislocation of a joint?

Answer 27

damaged blood supply = reduced blood flow distal to the joint

Question 28

what is a common feature of joint blood supply?

Answer 28

anastomoses - joins in the arteries allowing blood flow in all directions of movement of the joint

Question 29

what are the three different types of muscle?

Answer 29

cardiac, skeletal and smooth

Question 30

Cardiac muscle features:

Answer 30

involuntary & striated

Question 31

Smooth muscle features:

Answer 31

involuntary & non-striated

Question 32

skeletal muscle features:

Answer 32

voluntary & striated

Question 33

describe the structure of skeletal muscle?

Answer 33

whole muscle > fasicles > muscle fibres > myofibrils > actin & myosin filaments

Question 34

what causes the striated appearance of skeletal muscle?

Answer 34

the overlapping nature of actin and myocin

Question 35

what happens when you "pull" a muscle?

Answer 35

some of the muscle fibres are torn

Question 36

what are the necessary features for a skeletal muscle to move a joint?

Answer 36

They must span the joint and attach to the bones on either side

Question 37

what is an aponeurosis?

Answer 37

a flattened tendon - commonly associated with fat muscles (e.g rectus abdominus)

Question 38

what are the 2 points of attachment of skeletal muscle to bone?

Answer 38

the origin and the insertion

Question 39

what happens to the distance between the insertion and origin during contraction?

Answer 39

it shortens - as the muscle fibres shorten (only thing a skeletal muscle is capable of)