musculoskeletal system

Question 1

name the three anotomical planes

Answer 1

frontal, sagittal, transverse

Question 2

how do the anotomical planes divide the body

Answer 2

frontal: anterior and posterior
sagittal: left side and right side of the body
transverse: upper and lower body

Question 3

what rod like structure is skeletal muscle made up of?

Answer 3

muscle fibres

Question 4

the membrane that covers the whole muscle is called/

Answer 4

epimysium

Question 5

the membrane that covers fasciculi is called?

Answer 5

perimysium

Question 6

the membrane that covers muscle fibre is called?

Answer 6

endomysium

Question 7

Individual muscle fibres are made up of myofibrils which contain the contractile proteins (or myofilaments) needed for force generation. These two myofilaments are?

Answer 7

actin and myosin

Question 8

key structures in a myofibril include?

Answer 8

• Sarcoplasmic reticulum
• Sarcolemma
• Sarcoplasm
• Troponin and tropomyosin

Question 9

the muscle fibre that is between fast twitch and slow twitch is called?

Answer 9

intermediate

Question 10

what is the shoulder girdle and what does it do?

Answer 10

it is a set of bones, connects the arms to the axial skeleton

Question 11

where is the glenohumeral joint found?

Answer 11

at the shoulder girdle

Question 12

what segment of the spine consists of body, vertebral foramen, ars and spinous process?

Answer 12

cervical

Question 13

what segment of the spine consists of consists of body, vertebral foramen, lamina, transverse process (2) and spinous process?

Answer 13

thoracic

Question 14

what segment of the spine consists of body, vertebral foramen, lamina, transverse process(2), articular process (2) and spinous process?

Answer 14

lumbar

Question 15

name the segments of the spine and how many vertebrae they have?

Answer 15

cervical - 7
thoracic - 12
lumbar - 5
sacrum - 5
cocyx - 3 to 5

Question 16

at what age is the sacrum and cocyx normally totally fused?

Answer 16

30

Question 17

structure of the spine consists of? (6)

Answer 17

vertebral body
intervertebral disc
spinal cord
spinous process
nerve root
pedicle

Question 18

what does DOMS stand for?

Answer 18

delayed onset of muscle soreness

Question 19

what 3 ways can DOMS be minimised?

Answer 19

1. reduce unusual muscle activity during training
2. start exercise programme at low intensity and build up to high
3. begin training at high intensity and drop intensity as you go

Question 20

after exercise, when does DOMS usually start?

Answer 20

24 to 72 hours

Question 21

what is connective tissue?

Answer 21

any tissue which supports, binds or protects organs or body parts.

Question 22

what two fibres are the myofascial connective tissue made of?

Answer 22

collagen fibres and elastin fibres

Question 23

use one word to describe collagen fibres and one to describe elastin.

Answer 23

collagen fibes are tough and elastin fibres are stretchy

Question 24

what key systems directly affect movement?

Answer 24

nervous, skeletal and muscular system

Question 25

what factors influence posture (6)?

Answer 25

``` weight height lifestyle activity habits degenerative disease previous injuries ```

Question 26

how can abdominal obesity cause hyperlordosis?

Answer 26

shifts the centre of gravity forward

Question 27

what is kyphosis and lordosis?

Answer 27

kyphosis: outward curve of thoracic spine lordosis: inward curve of lumbar spine

Question 28

explain hyperkyphosis, hypokyphosis, hyperlordosis and hypolordosis

Answer 28

Hyperkyphosis – an excessive curve of the thoracic spine Hypokyphosis – a flattened curve of the thoracic spine Hyperlordosis – an excessive curve of the lumbar spine, also known as a ‘hollow back’ Hypolordosis – a flattened curve of the lumbar spine

Question 29

tendinopathy is?

Answer 29

term for tendon injuries

Question 30

give two examples of tendinopathies.

Answer 30

golfer's and tennis elbow | runner's knee

Question 31

what is frozen shoulder?

Answer 31

pain and limited range of motion of the shoulder

Question 32

Cervicalgia and lumbago is?

Answer 32

neck pain and low back pain

Question 33

what is Sciatica?

Answer 33

pain from the spine that travels down the leg.

Question 34

Disc herniation is when...

Answer 34

an intervertebral disc is compressed