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Human Biology Y11 > musculoskeletal system > Flashcards

musculoskeletal system Flashcards

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1
Q

muscle cells: structure and function

A

muscle cells are in the form of long, thin fibres that have the ability to contract, or shorten and are held in bundles.

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2
Q

muscle: structure, function and location

A

muscles are organised in such a way that when they contract, they reduce the distance between the parts they are connected to or decrease the space they surround.
muscles attached to the bones are able to move on them or hold them steady, enabling us to stand erect, walk, run, jump and perform complicated movements.

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3
Q

three types of muscle

A
  • skeletal muscle
  • smooth muscle
  • cardiac muscle
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4
Q

skeletal muscle

A

voluntary (under conscious control) and are attached to bones of the skeleton.
the muscles that move bones and enable us to walk, run and carry out a wide range of voluntary physical activities
contractions of these muscles bring about movement in joints
give the body its form and contours and allow it to marian posture

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5
Q

smooth muscle

A

involuntary (not under conscious control) movement muscles e.g. intestines and stomach, wraps around alimentary canal, contracting to push contents through

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6
Q

cardiac muscle

A

involuntary, heart, contracting which reduces the space in the chambers of the heart and pushes blood from the heart into the blood vessels

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7
Q

properties of muscles

A

these properties allows muscles to work together to creat movement
- contractibility: ability to contract
- elasticity: ability to return to the original length after being stretched
- extensibility: ability to be stretched

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8
Q

structure of skeletal system

A

muscle bundles contain muscle fibres contain myofibrils contain myofilaments (made up of actin and myosin)

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9
Q

perimysium

A

sheath of connective tissue that covers each bundle of muscle cells

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10
Q

muscle fibre

A

elongated cylinder with many nuclei
(10-100m in diameter)

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11
Q

sarcolemma

A

plasma membrane of muscle cell

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12
Q

sarcoplasm

A

cytoplasm of muscle cell

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13
Q

myofibril

A

a thread-like structure found in the sarcoplasm of each fibre
- each myofibril is composed of many small myofilaments

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14
Q

main types of myofilamengs

A
  • thick myofilaments, composed mainly of the protein, myosin
  • thin myofilaments, composed mainly of the protein, actin

way to remember: acTHIN, MAYOsin (thick)

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15
Q

sacromeres

A

the contractile unit of skeletal muscle: consists of actin and myosin filaments

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16
Q

sliding filament theory

A

the sliding filament theory describes how muscles contract, as the thin filaments slide over the thick filaments, the sarcomere shortens

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17
Q

energy source for muscles

A

energy from ATP is used during muscle contraction

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18
Q

how are muscles attached to bones?

A

muscles are attached to bones by tendons so that the joint bends when the muscle contracts

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19
Q

antagonists

A

antagonists are pairs of muscles that provide body movement

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20
Q

agonist

A

the muscle doing the action

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21
Q

synergists

A

synergists help the agonist by producing the same movement or steadying the joint, when the synergist immobilises a joint it is called a fixator

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22
Q

origin

A

origin is where the end of the muscle is fixed to the stationary bone

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23
Q

insertion

A

insertion is the attachment to the movable bone of the other end of the muscle

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24
Q

muscle tone

A

muscle tone is achieved by partial contraction of skeletal muscles due to the different fibres contracting a one time. this allows a person to maintain their posture

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25
skeletal system function
- supports the body - facilitates movement - protects internal organs - produces blood cells - stores and releases minerals and fat
26
bone classifications
- flat - irregular - long - sesamoid - short
27
two divisions of skeleton
the skeleton can be divided into: - axial skeleton (the central bones) - the appendicular skeleton (the limbs, shoulder and pelvis)
28
axial skeleton
- skull (cranium) - ribs - sternum - vertebral column (cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, coccyx)
29
appendicular system
- clavicle - scapula - humerus - ulna - radius - carpals, metacarpals, phalanges - pelvic girdle (pelvis) - femur - patella - tibia - fibula - tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges
30
long bone consists of:
- diaphysis - epiphyses - periosteum
31
diaphysis
main portion of bone, compact bone, yellow marrow (fat storage site)
32
epiphyses
the enlarged ends of the bone, spongy/cancellous bone (in central regions), red bone marrow
33
periosteum
fibrous outer covering of the bone apart from at the ends, the ends are covered with an articular cartilage
34
compact bone consists of:
- osteons - haversian canals - lamellae - lacunae - canaliculi - osteocytes - osteoblasts - osteoclasts - yellow bone marrow
35
haversian canal
a central canal, has at least one blood capillary and possibly nerves and lymph capillaries in the canal
36
lamellae
concentric layers of bony matrix surrounding haversian canal
37
lacunae
small spaces in the matrix between the lamellae
38
osteocyte
bone cells
39
osteoblasts
cells that form new bone tissues or heal existing bone tissues
40
osteoclasts
cells that break down old bone tissues
41
yellow bone marrow
fat storage
42
canaliculi
tiny canals running between the lacunae allowing for materials to be passed from cell to cell
43
spongy bone
also called cancellous bone, consists of an irregular arrangement of thin bony plates called trabeculae. the bone cells occupy the spaces in the trabeculae, nerves and blood vessels pass through the spaces of the matrix conatins red bone marrow
44
structure of cartilage
Cartilage is a connective tissue that contains numerous fibres made of a protein called collagen, these are embedded in a firm Matrix of protein called chondrin, Within the Matrix there are spaces that contain the cartilage cells called chondroblasts, these cells produce Matrix and gradually become surrounded by it until they are trapped in small spaces called lacunae, once this has occurred, cells are considered to be mature and referred to as chondrocytes
45
types of cartilage
- hyaline cartilage - elastic cartilage - fibrocartilage
46
hyaline cartilage
has many closely packed collagenous fibres throughout the Matrix these fibres are so fine they cannot be seen under a light microscope they give flexibility as well as strength, they can be found in the trachea
47
elastic cartilage
has conspicuous elastic fibres it also contains collagenous fibres similar to those in the hyaline cartilage but they are not as closely packed, they provide flexible support in places such as the ear
48
fibrocartilage
has a coarse appearance from the bundles of thick collagenous fibres, not as compact as hyaline, they are found in the intervertebral disc of the spinal column
49
joints
a joint is a connection between two bones
50
ligament
a ligament is a fibrous tissue that attaches one bone to another bone
51
types of joints
- fibrous joint - cartilaginous joint - synovial joint
52
synovial joints
Synovial joints have a joint cavity and are classified according to the type of movement they allow
53
synovial joint categories
Synovial joints are categorised by the type of movement that occurs between the articulating surfaces of the bone: - hinge joint - ball and socket joint - pivot joint - saddle joint - gliding joints - condyloid joints
54
hinge joints
- allows movement only in 1 plane (flexion and extension) - e.g. elbow and knee
55
ball and socket joint
- allows rotation and movement in multiple planes (rotation, abduction, adduction) - e.g shoulder and hip
56
pivot joint
- allows rotation (rotation and circumduction) - e.g radius and ulna
57
saddle joint
- allows side to side and back and forth movement - e.g. only thumbs
58
gliding joints
- allows side to side & back and forth movement however restricted by ligaments/bony processes - e.g. wrist bones, scapula and clavicle
59
condyloid joints
- back and forth & side to side movement - e.g metacarpal/phalanges joint, metatarsal/phalanges joint (knuckles)
60
structure of synovial joints
articulate capsule: - fibrous capsule - synovial membrane - synovial fluid - articular cartilage - articular discs - bursae - ligaments
61
articular capsule
fibrous capsule and synovial membrane
62
fibrous capsule
outer layer
63
synovial membrane
inner layer
64
synovial fluid
synovial fluid within the synovial cavity, lubricates, nourishment, phagocytic cells
65
articular cartilage
at the end of bones
66
articular discs
meniscus, only in some synovial joints, diving synovial cavity into two
67
bursae
tiny sacs of fluid, prevent friction between bone and tendon/ligament and between bone and skin
68
osteoporosis
loss of bone mass becoming sufficient enough to impair normal functioning.
69
osteoarthritis
gradual deterioration of joint cartilage due to age or injury, to the point where the bone surfaces are not protected, causes growth or bony spurs which decease the soave within. the joint cavity restricting movement of this joint - caused by ageing (most of the time) - causes deformities of the hands, feet and limbs and swelling of joints
70
long bone: function and examples
long: provide structure & mobility, site of RBC production - femur - tibia - fibula - humerus - ukna - radius - clavicle - metatarsals - metacarpals
71
short bone: function and examples
short: stability & support + limited movement - tarsals - carpals - phalanges
72
flat bone: function and examples
flat: protect internal organs - cranium - sternum - scapula - ribs - pelvis - sacrum
73
irregular bone: function and examples
irregular: help protect internal organs - coccyx - cervical - thoracic - lumbar
74
sesamoid bone example
patella
75
osteoporosis risks
lower bone density, resulting in increased risk of fractures
76
osteoporosis causes
decrease in Vit D which results in decrease of calcium in bones smoking
77
osteoporosis treatment and prevention
- adequate calcium intake - adequate Vitamin D intake - exercise - quitting smoking - medication
78
flexion
- tricep relaxes and biceps contract - hamstrings contract and quadriceps relaxes
79
extension
- triceps contract and biceps relax - quadriceps contract and hamstrings relax
80
flexors
- the muscle contracting during flexion - e.g. biceps and hamstrings
81
extensors
- the muscle contracting during extension - e.g. triceps and quadriceps

Human Biology Y11 (15 decks)

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