Musculoskeletal system

Question 1

Butterfly Vertebra

Answer 1

 A butterfly vertebra is a congenital defect of a vertebra that produces the radiographic appearance of a butterfly on an AP projection.
* Can alter the shape of the spinal canal
* It occurs when the two halves of the vertebral body fail to fuse together during fetal development. This creates a cleft in the center of the vertebra, which resembles the wings of a butterfly on an X-ray image, hence the name.

Question 2

cervical rib

Answer 2

• An extra rib attached to C7.
• Poorly developed
• It may compress the brachial nerve plexus or subclavian artery.

Question 3

Osgood-Schlatter Disease

Answer 3

 It is a condition where the tibial tuberosity becomes inflamed following exercise.

Question 4

Osteogenesis Imperfecta

Answer 4

congenital bone disorder that is
characterized by bones that easily break.

Question 5

Osteopetrosis

Answer 5

• A condition whereby the bones are hard and dense.
• Presence of sclerotic areas

Question 6

Infantile osteopetrosis

Answer 6

osteopetrosis in children

Question 7

Osteoporosis

Answer 7

 This disease is characterized by a reduction in bone mass that makes patients with this condition susceptible to fracture formation.

patients prone to hip fractures.

Question 8

Radiographic appearances of Osteomalacia

Answer 8

• osteopenia
• Looser zones

Question 9

factors involved in the pathogenesis of
osteoporosis.

Answer 9

1. Aging
2. postmenopausal
   hormone changes.
3. Steroid use
4. osteogenesis imperfecta
5. Multiple myeloma

Question 10

Osteomalacia

Answer 10

 This disease is characterized by a softening of bones that results from insufficient mineralization

Question 11

radiographic appearances of osteomalacia

Answer 11

*Loss of trabecular detail
* Osteopenia( loss of bone density)

Question 12

Sequestrum formation

Answer 12

An avascular island of bone that forms within abscess

Question 13

Osteomyelitis

Answer 13

It’s a bacterial infection of the bone that causes bone destruction and abscess formation.

Mostly, Brodie’s abscess and sequestrum formation

Question 14

Rheumatoid arthritis

Answer 14

A type of arthritis that causes inflammation inthe the joints, muscles, tendons, ligaments and blood vessels

Question 15

How does rheumatoid arthritis begin

Answer 15

It begins as a chronic inflammation of synovial membranes that line joints

Question 16

Signs and symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis

Answer 16

• Morning stiffness
• Pain
• Ulnar deviation of the fingers

Question 17

Ankylosing spondylitis

Answer 17

A degenerative arthritis that usually begins in the sacroiliac joints and spreads to the spine

Question 18

Radiographic appearance of ankylosing spondylitis

Answer 18

Bamboo spine
Fusion of sacroiliac joints
Osteoporosis

Question 19

Gout

Answer 19

Is a disorder of purine metabolism that results in an increase in uric acid production.

Uric acid deposits in joints causing very painful inflammatory reactions.

Affects hands kneed and the great toe

Question 20

Osteoarthritis

Answer 20

A degenerative joint disease that is characterized by loss of joint cartilage and is replaced by a spur.

The spurs cause joint stiffness and pain that increases with inactivity

Question 21

Paget’s disease

Answer 21

A pathological condition characterized by an abnormal cycle of bone destruction followed by excessive bone growth and thickening.

Mostly in pelvis, lumbar, spine and skull

Question 22

Signs and symptoms of Paget’s disease

Answer 22

• Bone pain
• Deformity
• Arthritis
• Fractures

Question 23

Avascular necrosis ( AVN)

Answer 23

A pathological condition characterized by bone ischemia followed by inflammation and necrosis.

Question 24

Bone ischemia

Answer 24

A condition that occurs due to lack of blood flow to a bone.

Question 25

Necrosis

Answer 25

Death of living tissue, due to injury infection etc

Question 26

Causes of avascular necrosis

Answer 26

* Excessive steroid use * Trauma * Alcoholism

Question 27

What imaging modality can be used to diagnose avascular necrosis

Answer 27

MRI

Question 28

Spondylosis

Answer 28

A condition that arises due to tear and wear of on the joints and discs of the spine. It is usually bilateral and the net result is a loss of the neural arc continuity.

Question 29

Spondylosis commonly found between

Answer 29

L5 and S1

Question 30

Spondylolisthesis

Answer 30

A condition in which one of the bones of the spine slips forward out of place. This causes the vertebrae canal to narrow and this impinge on the nerve roots Has 4 grades(i-iv)

Question 31

Causes of spondylolisthesis

Answer 31

* congenital * Fracture in a part of the vertebrae * Wear and tear of the joints and ligaments of the spine.

Question 32

Osteopoikilosis

Answer 32

Is an osteosclerotic bone dysplasia that is literally translated as spotted bones.

Question 33

Radiographic appearance of osteopoikilosis

Answer 33

Produces many small radiopaque densities that are sometime referred to as bone islands.

Question 34

Bone cyst

Answer 34

Benign, expansile, radiolucent lesions filled with fluid. More in males, unknown etiology. Can cause pain or pathologic fracture