Musculoskeletal System

Question 1

Name the type of bones

Answer 1

Flat
Long
Short
Sesamoid
Irregular

Question 2

What are the features of flat bones?

Answer 2

Large surface area for muscle attachment

Provides protection

Question 3

What are the features of long bones?

Answer 3

Support for limb musculature

Leverage of limbs

Question 4

What are the features of short bones?

Answer 4

Cube-shaped

Allow some limited motion

Anti-concussive

Question 5

What are the features of sesamoid bones?

Answer 5

Located along course of a tendon

Redirect forces and reduce friction

Question 6

What are the features of irregular bones?

Answer 6

Various:
Protect nervous tissue (vertebrae)
Tongue attachment (hyoid)

Question 7

What is ossification?

Answer 7

Bone formation

Question 8

What are the two types of ossification?

Answer 8

Intramembranous ossification

Endochondral ossification

Question 9

Describe intramembranous ossification

Answer 9

Mesenchymal cells convert into osseous tissue

Question 10

Describe endochondral ossification

Question 11

How do bones grow?

Answer 11

The epiphyseal growth plate produces more osseous tissue

Question 12

What are the 4 types of bone cell?

Answer 12

Osteogenic cells: Involved in active bone formation

Osteoblasts: Active cell which produces bone matrix and aid calcification

Osteocytes: Mature bone cells

Osteoclasts: Bone resorbing cells

Question 13

Why is bone matrix much more solid than other intracellular matrix types?

Answer 13

It is due to the high calcium phosphate, calcium carbonate and hydroxyapeptite

Question 14

What is the function of collagen and elastin fibres in bones?

Answer 14

Provides some flexibility and strength (prevents bones shattering)

Question 15

What is cartilage?

Answer 15

A strong, dense but flexible tissue made of chondrocytes, which are enclosed in an extracellular matrix rich in collagen, elastin and proteoglycans

Question 16

What are the type of cartilage?

Answer 16

Elastic cartilage

Hyaline cartilage

Fibrocartilage

Question 17

What is elastic cartilage?

Answer 17

Made of collagen type II
Contains elastin
Part of the larynx, epiglottis and ear flap

Question 18

What is hyaline cartilage?

Answer 18

Made of collagen type II
Found on articular surface of bones, within the respiratory tract and on the ends of ribs

Question 19

What is fibrocartilage?

Answer 19

Made of collagen type I and type II
Found in intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis and menisci

Question 20

What is the function of fibrous joints?

Answer 20

Synarthrosis (immovable)

Question 21

What is the function of cartilaginous joints?

Answer 21

Amphiathrosis (little movement)

Question 22

What is the function in synovial joints?

Answer 22

Diarthrosis (full movement)

Question 23

Describe a fibrous joint

Answer 23

Bones connected by thick connective tissue

No joint space

Question 24

Describe a cartilaginous joint

Answer 24

Joints held together by cartilage

No cavity

Synchondroses: Hyaline cartilage
Symphyses: Fibrocartilage

Question 25

Describe a synovial joint

Answer 25

Joint cavity Greatest range of movement

Question 26

Name the types of synovial joints

Answer 26

Ball and socket (e.g. Hip) Hinge (e.g. Elbow) Condyloid (e.g. Wrist) Planar (e.g. Between tarsal bones) Pivot (e.g. between C1 and C2 vertebrae) Saddle (e.g. Wrist)

Question 27

What is the difference between ligaments and tendons?

Answer 27

Ligaments: Bone to bone Provide joint support Elastic and strong Fibres: Non-parallel Higher in Proteoglycans Tendons: Muscle to bone Facilitate joint and limb movement Non-elastic and tough Fibres: Parallel Higher in Type I collagen

Question 28

What are the three types of muscle?

Answer 28

Cardiac Smooth Skeletal