Musculoskeletal system

Question 1

The different types of bone

Answer 1

1. long bones- femur, tibia
2. short bones- carpals
3. sutural bones
4. irregular bones- vertebrae
5. flat bones- frontal bone
6. sesamoid bones- patella

Question 2

What is ossefication?

Answer 2

• fetal development: bone is formed from a rod of cartilage, bony collar is formed, osteoblasts secrete ostoid componants in the shaft.
• birth: 2 ossification centres develop in the epiphysis
• childhood: the bone lengthens
• adulthood: bone is full suzed and the growth plates are closed

Question 3

What are the functions of the bone?

Answer 3

1. support
2. movement
3. protection
4. erthrocyte production
5. mineral storage
6. endocrine/ energy osteocalcin

Question 4

Skeletal nomenclature

Answer 4

articulation: a joint
articulating surface: the part of the bone that makes up the joint
condyle: rounded smooth projection that forms part of the joint
facet: a small flatish joint
trochanter/tuberosity/tubercle: roughened projections of bone usually associated with muscle or ligament attachment

Question 5

What are the 3 types of joints?

Answer 5

1. fibrous joints
2. cartilaginous joints
3. synovial joints

Question 6

Examples of fibrous joints

Answer 6

suture joints of the skull
syndesmosis (ulna and radius)

Question 7

Examples of cartilaginous joints

Answer 7

growth plates
sternocostal joint
fibrocartilage

Question 8

Examples of synovial joints

Answer 8

gliding joints (carpo-metacarpal joint)
hinge joints (elbow/knee)
pivot joints (elbow/atlax/axis)
ellipsoid joints (metatasophalanheal joint)
ball and socket joints (shoulder/hip)
saddle joints (subtalar joint)

Question 9

Molecular makeup of the bone

Answer 9

99% of body’s calcium
4% of body’s potassium
35% of body’s sodium
50% of body’s magnesium
80% of body’s carbonate
99% of body’s phosphate

Question 10

What are the different types of fractures?

Answer 10

1. traverse
2. linear
3. oblique non-displaced
4. oblique displaced
5. spiral
6. greenstick
7. comminuted

Question 11

What is osteoporosis?

Answer 11

• increased bone absorption by osteoclasts
• women at a higher risk- oestrogen essential for healthy bones
• lack of exercise (wolf’s law)

Question 12

What is muscular morphology (davis’s law)

Answer 12

• soft tissue adapts to the demand placed on it
• when overloaded muscle will lengthen and undergo hypertrophy
• when unloded muscle will contract and atrophy

Question 13

Functions of muscular morphology

Answer 13

• movement
• posture
• movement associated with internal organ (peristalsis)

Question 14

What are the 3 types of muscle?

Answer 14

smooth
cardiac
skeletal

Question 16

Structure of the skeletal muscle

Answer 16

• epimysium
• tendon
• bone
• perimysium
• blood vessel
• muscle fiber
• fascicle
• endomysium

Question 17

How to measure muscle activity

Answer 17

1. flicker of movement
2. through full range actively with gravity counterbalanced
3. through full range actively against gravity
4. through full range actively against some resistance
5. through full range actively against strong resistance

Question 18

Cardiac muscle

Answer 18

• cardiac muscle is myogenic
• meaning that it can contract on its own without needing nerve impulses via sa and va nodes
• simila to skeletal muscle however they have connecting branches and from almost like a sheet

Question 19

What is tendonopathy?

Answer 19

inflammation/degeneration of a tendon
symptoms:
- pain on activity
- thickening of the tendon
- insidious onset

Question 20

What is muscular dystrophy?

Answer 20

Duchenne muscular dystrophy - Duchenne muscular dystrophy is a muscle-wasting condition caused by the lack of a protein called dystrophin. Itusually affects only boys.